THIS IS THE WORD TO LEARN.
neuronsdendritescell bodyaxonglianeurotransmittersreceptors of neuronsneuromodulaterscerebellumthalamusbasal gangliahippocampusamygdalastructural neuroimagingcomputed tomographymagnetic resonance imagintheory of equipotentialitywhat are some of the ways drugs affect the brain? (3)long-term potentiationlong-term depressionhow are memories distributed?Temporal cortexparietal lobefrontal cortexcerebellumanterior cingulate cortexbasal gangliaWernicke's areaBroca's areapyriform cortex and entrohinal cortexepisodic memorysemantic memorysimilarites between semantic and episodic memorysemantic and episodic differ in what way?consolidation periodelectroconvolsive therapytransfer-appropriate processingfree recallcued recalleidetic memoryinterferencesource amnesiacryptoamnesiaHippocampus is crucial for what type of memory?agnosiaHM suffered from what type of amnesia and why?standard consolidation theorymultiple memory trace theoryDirected forgetting experiment showedkorsakoff's diseasebasal forebrainTransient Global Amnesiafunctional amnesia (or psychogenic amnesia)infantile amnesiaRibot GradientRibot Gradientsynapsesynaptic plasticitysynaptic plasticity1reward & memoryhow memory improves on a neuronal levelinterneuron modulationEpisodic is tagged with what wheras sematic is not?strength of memories and repetitionshort-term tracelong-term tracelong lasting traceoutline the stages of memroy formationDo animals have episodic memory?Factors that influence semantic and episodic memory formation?proactive interferenceretrograde interferenceassociationismHippocampus and memorybasal forebrainbasal forebrainword learningwhy can't we remember things from our infancy?EmotionEkmans theory of emotionname some stress hormonesJames Lange theory of emotionModern Emotional Theorymood congruency of memoryflashbulb memoriesconditioned avoidancelearned helplessness• Depressionlimbic systemfindings from the brains of those who suffer from PTSDrepresentationsthe intentionality criterioninformation carrying criterionmodal representationamodal representationyou see more activation in _____ in emotional contexts rather than neutral situationsbasolateralcentral nucleus functionin the experiment with rats with lesions, what results occurred with amygdala or hippocampal lesions?what part of memory formation does emotion matter in terms of memory strength?neuronsdendritescell bodyaxonglianeurotransmittersreceptors of neuronsneuromodulaterscerebellumthalamusbasal gangliahippocampusamygdalastructural neuroimagingcomputed tomographymagnetic resonance imagintheory of equipotentialitywhat are some of the ways drugs affect the brain? (3)long-term potentiationlong-term depressionhow are memories distributed?Temporal cortexparietal lobefrontal cortexcerebellumanterior cingulate cortexbasal gangliaWernicke's areaBroca's areapyriform cortex and entrohinal cortexepisodic memorysemantic memorysimilarites between semantic and episodic memorysemantic and episodic differ in what way?consolidation periodelectroconvolsive therapytransfer-appropriate processingfree recallcued recalleidetic memoryinterferencesource amnesiacryptoamnesiaHippocampus is crucial for what type of memory?agnosiaHM suffered from what type of amnesia and why?standard consolidation theorymultiple memory trace theoryDirected forgetting experiment showedkorsakoff's diseasebasal forebrainTransient Global Amnesiafunctional amnesia (or psychogenic amnesia)infantile amnesiaRibot GradientRibot Gradientsynapsesynaptic plasticitysynaptic plasticity1reward & memoryhow memory improves on a neuronal levelinterneuron modulationEpisodic is tagged with what wheras sematic is not?strength of memories and repetitionshort-term tracelong-term tracelong lasting traceoutline the stages of memroy formationDo animals have episodic memory?Factors that influence semantic and episodic memory formation?proactive interferenceretrograde interferenceassociationismHippocampus and memorybasal forebrainbasal forebrainword learningwhy can't we remember things from our infancy?EmotionEkmans theory of emotionname some stress hormonesJames Lange theory of emotionModern Emotional Theorymood congruency of memoryflashbulb memoriesconditioned avoidancelearned helplessness• Depressionlimbic systemfindings from the brains of those who suffer from PTSDrepresentationsthe intentionality criterioninformation carrying criterionmodal representationamodal representationyou see more activation in _____ in emotional contexts rather than neutral situationsbasolateralcentral nucleus functionin the experiment with rats with lesions, what results occurred with amygdala or hippocampal lesions?what part of memory formation does emotion matter in terms of memory strength?
This is the text for a DEFINITION.
• collect information from the sensory systems and the rest of the body, process information, and respond to it by coordinating body responses
-dendrites, cell body, axons
-neurotransmitters cause \"firing\" of neurons -input areas that receive signals from other neurons
-receive nt from synapse that link on here from other neurons
integrates signals from the dendrites
-this is where the neuron decides if it has enough electrical charge to firetransmit information to other neurons
-causes neurotransmitters to be released and travel across synapse to another neuroncells that provide functional and structural support to neuronscommunicate across synapse, chemicals that carry messages ex dopaminemolecules on the surface of the postsynaptic neuron that are specialized to bind particular kinds of neurotransmitters. Kind of like a lock and key. If enough NT are transmitted the neuron “fires”can affect activity in entire brain areas rather than just at a single synapse. They alter how neurons exchange messages `contributes to coordinated movement, learning involved in physical actionstructure that receives sensory information from the PNS and relays info to the braininvolved in planning and producing skilled movements`learning new info about facts or remembering autobiographical events. You have 1 on each side of the brain emotional brain centrebrain scanning, allows you to see lesions and size and shape of the brain : multiple x-ray pictures, allows the pinpointing of exact locations of structures through 3D imaging, however it is hard to see soft tissuesuses changes in magnetic fields to generate images of internal structure Lashley; memories are not stored in one area of the brain, rather, the brain operates as a whole to store memorieso Drugs can increase or decrease the ability of the presynaptic neuron to produce or release neurotransmitter
o Drugs can increase or decrease the ability of postsynaptic neurons to receive the chemical message. They “fool” the postsynaptic membrane into thinking it has received a message
o Drugs alter the mechanisms for clearing neurotransmitter molecules out of the synapse out of the synapse
a process in which synaptic transmission becomes more effective as a result of recent activity; with long-term depression, widely believed to represent a form of synaptic plasticity that could be the neuron mechanism for learning
-neurons that fire together, wire togethera process in which synaptic transmission becomes less effective as a result of recent activity; with long-term potentiation, widely believed to represent a form of synaptic plasticity that could be the neural mechanism for learningthroughout different regions of the brain depending on what part they depict, ie our last birthday may have a spatial part accounting for where it was, a scent memory for what the cake smelled like etc.involved in visual processing, identification area
role in language-process spatial location
-processing for touch, somatosensory cortex
-memory for complex motor movement (ex using a hammer)-executive control system, planning, goal-setting
-personality
-plays a crucial role in short term memory, \"working memory\", recall
-DLPFC- makes you human
-VLPFC- controls motor functions
-primary motor cortex- motor memory
mostly involved in motor function-area just above corpus collosum
-memory for classical conditioninginvolved in memory and values of rewardslanguage areamemory for language productionsmell memorya memory for a specific autobiographical event. Includes information about the spatial and temporal context: where and when the event occurred. (Event memory)memories for facts or general knowledge about the world. Unlike episodic, it is not tagged in time and space. (Fact Memory)
-both can be communicated flexibly, in different formats than the one they were originally acquired
-both are generally accessible to conscious recall
-semantic need not be autobiographical-in memory: the length of time during which new memories are vulnerable and easily losta pulse of electricity is passed through the brain via electrodes on each side of the head. If administered 20 seconds after training, the memory will be severely disrupted
• Older memories are relatively stable and difficult to disrupt whereas new memories are easier
refers to the principle that retrieval is more likely if the cues available at recall are similar to those that were available at encodingyou are simply asked to generate the information from memoryyou are given some kind of promptthe ability to store visual information vividly and faithfully so random details can be “read” later onwhen two memories overlap and interfere with accuracy of both
-Proactive interference: where old information can disrupt new
-Retroactive interference: where new information can disrupt old
a subtle failure, where we remember a fact or event but attribute it to the wrong sourcea person mistakenly thinks that his current thought are novel or originalepisodicselective disruption of the ability to process a particular kind of information-anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new episodic and semantic memories-the hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe structures are initially required for episodic memory storage and retrieval but their contribution diminishes over time until the cortex is capable of retrieving the memory without hippocampal help
-linking all the different componenets to an episodic memory is the consolidation part-memories are encoded by an ensemble of hippocampal and cortical neurons in normal circumstances become fully independent of the hippocampal neurons
-over time, as more connections accumulate, the ensemble grows and memories may be partially paired if hippocampal damage occurs
-explains why patients with amnesia tend to lose newer memories more readily than old and why sometimes semantic memory is sparedthe people who were supposed to be remembering showed a more active hippocampus throughout the middle stage of memorycondition associated with a deficiency of thiamine that sometimes accompanies chronic alcohol abuse
-patients develop anterograde amnesia
-confabulation occursdamage tied to amnesia
-function to receive blood and oxygen from ACoA
-sends acetylcholine and GABA to hippocampus(TGA)
-a transient, or temporary disruption of memory
-persists for several hours
-severe anterograde amnesia and some degree of retrograde amnesia-amnesia that seems to result from psychological causes rather than physical -forgetting of events that occurred during infancy
-most adults cannot remember before 3-4 years
Click here to enter a definition.-suggests that if memories survive past the consolidation period they tend to be \"safe\"
-we use hierarchical semantic networks as models for encoded links between nodes (concepts or objects)the binding causes an excitatory or inhibitory post-synaptic reaction
-all neurons do is add up voltages, when action potential is reached, it firesClick here to enter a definition.changes these connections, makes them stronger
-links between specific muscles used to swing a club will be much stronger for a golfer for instance
-current theory: that these conections are always trying to fomr but are being cancelled out in the process
--when you are rewarded by a choice the memory increasees,
-you then change the \"weight' or the strength of the connection you create a preference and it starts to fire more easily-a) post-synaptic potential occurs
-b) -now the binding sites are functioning at a higher rate of efficacy
-increased post-synaptic potential
-long-term memory formed
-more neurotransmitters are released
-synaptic growth
-rearrangement of synaptic input
-LTP induces the change, the state of change resting potential does this (when you have learned or memorized something you don't have to go back to an LTP state because the connection is already formed)-another neuron attached to side of pre-synaptic axon that is firing
-dopamine connects at this junction (dopamine regulates rewards)-spatial and temporal context-semantic improves with similar events
-episodic goes down -develops within seconds or minutes and lasts for hours
-working memory
-if memory doesn't move on it's because of lack of attention, distraction or neurons not firing enough
-seconds-hours
-size of receptive field increases *more nts can bind
-more nts released
-growth-new connections are grown
-hours-months
months to lifetimes1. Encoding
-getting the information in
-identifying the synapses you need to change
-brain figuring out where it will store the info
2.Consolidation
-memory sticks or doesn't
-factors that effect this (occurs during sleep, nutrition, alcohol,etc.)
3. Retention
-phase where it's \"just sitting in memory\"
4. Retrieval
-bring information back to working memory
yes
-scrub jay searching for worms and then nuts depending on amount of time that has passed
-study with King the Gorilla
-identifying who or what-context: ie visualization
-depth of processing
-interference during consolidation disrupts memory encoding -previously acquired information interferes with new learning
-basketball players will shoot the way they were taught by college
acquisition of new information disrupts old memories-linkages between events or ideas
-Aristotle
-based on contingency, frequency, similarity
-huge role,
-helps make links between infomation and encode new info
-involved in memory formation but NOT retention
Click here to enter a definition.-signals that info needs to be encoded
-\"hey you need to knwo this\"left activation
-working memory= left bias
-right activation is for faces-protection mechanism
-brain isn't fully formed yet
-different cues used for memory recall that are different from adulthoodcomprised of
-physiological responses
-overt behaviors
-conscious feelings
that we are all hardwired
-sadness, happiness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise-glucorticoids
-cortisol-researchers should be able to evoke emotions
-by making the facial expressions associated with the emotion you can in turn start to experience the emotion itself
-emotional stimulus --> bodily responses --> conscious emotional feelings
-PROBLEM: emotion-provoking stimuli give rise to similar sets of biological responses-emotional -->bodily responses --> conscious emotional feelings
-->cognitive assessment--> it is easier to retrieve memories that match our current mood or emotional state-extreme emotions can lead to memories of exceptional strength and durability-an organism learns to take action to avoid or escape from dangerous situationo Exposure to an uncontrollable punisher teaches an expectation that responses are ineffectual, which in turn reduce the motivation to attempt new avoidance responses are ineffectualo A psychiatric condition that involves not only sadness but also a general loss of initiative and activity o Area of the brain which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, cingulated cortex, hippocampus and amygdale
o Known as the “emotional circuit”
o Amygdala: small almond-shaped structure that lies at the anterior tip of the hippocampus
Sections for sensory input & projection out of amygdale to ANS drving expression of physiological expressions, and a section that provides a pathway by which emotion modulates memory stoage and retrieval
Studies of animals with amygdale regions show a deficit in producing an ANS or fight-or-flight response
smaller hippocampal regionof things rather than episodic versus semantic as a way of understanding memory the representation must be constructed intentionally to stand for something else (even when not done intentionally)
-problem with traditional memory theorythe representation must carry information about what it stands for
-problem with traditional memory theoryactual physical representation you can see, touch or interact wtih
more like left, right, above, beside
-we learn through hearing these abstract ideas through repeated contextentorhinal and amygdala and hippocampusdirectly project back to memory storage areas, including the cortex, basal ganglia and hippocampusmotor area of emotion
-freezing or startle reflex in rats or humans
-ANS-control=normal freezing from conditioning shock
-amygdala lesions= don't learn what tone means
-hippocampal=normal reactions-consolidation• collect information from the sensory systems and the rest of the body, process information, and respond to it by coordinating body responses -dendrites, cell body, axons -neurotransmitters cause \"firing\" of neurons -input areas that receive signals from other neurons -receive nt from synapse that link on here from other neurons integrates signals from the dendrites -this is where the neuron decides if it has enough electrical charge to firetransmit information to other neurons -causes neurotransmitters to be released and travel across synapse to another neuroncells that provide functional and structural support to neuronscommunicate across synapse, chemicals that carry messages ex dopaminemolecules on the surface of the postsynaptic neuron that are specialized to bind particular kinds of neurotransmitters. Kind of like a lock and key. If enough NT are transmitted the neuron “fires”can affect activity in entire brain areas rather than just at a single synapse. They alter how neurons exchange messages `contributes to coordinated movement, learning involved in physical actionstructure that receives sensory information from the PNS and relays info to the braininvolved in planning and producing skilled movements`learning new info about facts or remembering autobiographical events. You have 1 on each side of the brain emotional brain centrebrain scanning, allows you to see lesions and size and shape of the brain : multiple x-ray pictures, allows the pinpointing of exact locations of structures through 3D imaging, however it is hard to see soft tissuesuses changes in magnetic fields to generate images of internal structure Lashley; memories are not stored in one area of the brain, rather, the brain operates as a whole to store memorieso Drugs can increase or decrease the ability of the presynaptic neuron to produce or release neurotransmitter o Drugs can increase or decrease the ability of postsynaptic neurons to receive the chemical message. They “fool” the postsynaptic membrane into thinking it has received a message o Drugs alter the mechanisms for clearing neurotransmitter molecules out of the synapse out of the synapse a process in which synaptic transmission becomes more effective as a result of recent activity; with long-term depression, widely believed to represent a form of synaptic plasticity that could be the neuron mechanism for learning -neurons that fire together, wire togethera process in which synaptic transmission becomes less effective as a result of recent activity; with long-term potentiation, widely believed to represent a form of synaptic plasticity that could be the neural mechanism for learningthroughout different regions of the brain depending on what part they depict, ie our last birthday may have a spatial part accounting for where it was, a scent memory for what the cake smelled like etc.involved in visual processing, identification area role in language-process spatial location -processing for touch, somatosensory cortex -memory for complex motor movement (ex using a hammer)-executive control system, planning, goal-setting -personality -plays a crucial role in short term memory, \"working memory\", recall -DLPFC- makes you human -VLPFC- controls motor functions -primary motor cortex- motor memory mostly involved in motor function-area just above corpus collosum -memory for classical conditioninginvolved in memory and values of rewardslanguage areamemory for language productionsmell memorya memory for a specific autobiographical event. Includes information about the spatial and temporal context: where and when the event occurred. (Event memory)memories for facts or general knowledge about the world. Unlike episodic, it is not tagged in time and space. (Fact Memory) -both can be communicated flexibly, in different formats than the one they were originally acquired -both are generally accessible to conscious recall -semantic need not be autobiographical-in memory: the length of time during which new memories are vulnerable and easily losta pulse of electricity is passed through the brain via electrodes on each side of the head. If administered 20 seconds after training, the memory will be severely disrupted • Older memories are relatively stable and difficult to disrupt whereas new memories are easier refers to the principle that retrieval is more likely if the cues available at recall are similar to those that were available at encodingyou are simply asked to generate the information from memoryyou are given some kind of promptthe ability to store visual information vividly and faithfully so random details can be “read” later onwhen two memories overlap and interfere with accuracy of both -Proactive interference: where old information can disrupt new -Retroactive interference: where new information can disrupt old a subtle failure, where we remember a fact or event but attribute it to the wrong sourcea person mistakenly thinks that his current thought are novel or originalepisodicselective disruption of the ability to process a particular kind of information-anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new episodic and semantic memories-the hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe structures are initially required for episodic memory storage and retrieval but their contribution diminishes over time until the cortex is capable of retrieving the memory without hippocampal help -linking all the different componenets to an episodic memory is the consolidation part-memories are encoded by an ensemble of hippocampal and cortical neurons in normal circumstances become fully independent of the hippocampal neurons -over time, as more connections accumulate, the ensemble grows and memories may be partially paired if hippocampal damage occurs -explains why patients with amnesia tend to lose newer memories more readily than old and why sometimes semantic memory is sparedthe people who were supposed to be remembering showed a more active hippocampus throughout the middle stage of memorycondition associated with a deficiency of thiamine that sometimes accompanies chronic alcohol abuse -patients develop anterograde amnesia -confabulation occursdamage tied to amnesia -function to receive blood and oxygen from ACoA -sends acetylcholine and GABA to hippocampus(TGA) -a transient, or temporary disruption of memory -persists for several hours -severe anterograde amnesia and some degree of retrograde amnesia-amnesia that seems to result from psychological causes rather than physical -forgetting of events that occurred during infancy -most adults cannot remember before 3-4 years Click here to enter a definition.-suggests that if memories survive past the consolidation period they tend to be \"safe\" -we use hierarchical semantic networks as models for encoded links between nodes (concepts or objects)the binding causes an excitatory or inhibitory post-synaptic reaction -all neurons do is add up voltages, when action potential is reached, it firesClick here to enter a definition.changes these connections, makes them stronger -links between specific muscles used to swing a club will be much stronger for a golfer for instance -current theory: that these conections are always trying to fomr but are being cancelled out in the process --when you are rewarded by a choice the memory increasees, -you then change the \"weight' or the strength of the connection you create a preference and it starts to fire more easily-a) post-synaptic potential occurs -b) -now the binding sites are functioning at a higher rate of efficacy -increased post-synaptic potential -long-term memory formed -more neurotransmitters are released -synaptic growth -rearrangement of synaptic input -LTP induces the change, the state of change resting potential does this (when you have learned or memorized something you don't have to go back to an LTP state because the connection is already formed)-another neuron attached to side of pre-synaptic axon that is firing -dopamine connects at this junction (dopamine regulates rewards)-spatial and temporal context-semantic improves with similar events -episodic goes down -develops within seconds or minutes and lasts for hours -working memory -if memory doesn't move on it's because of lack of attention, distraction or neurons not firing enough -seconds-hours -size of receptive field increases *more nts can bind -more nts released -growth-new connections are grown -hours-months months to lifetimes1. Encoding -getting the information in -identifying the synapses you need to change -brain figuring out where it will store the info 2.Consolidation -memory sticks or doesn't -factors that effect this (occurs during sleep, nutrition, alcohol,etc.) 3. Retention -phase where it's \"just sitting in memory\" 4. Retrieval -bring information back to working memory yes -scrub jay searching for worms and then nuts depending on amount of time that has passed -study with King the Gorilla -identifying who or what-context: ie visualization -depth of processing -interference during consolidation disrupts memory encoding -previously acquired information interferes with new learning -basketball players will shoot the way they were taught by college acquisition of new information disrupts old memories-linkages between events or ideas -Aristotle -based on contingency, frequency, similarity -huge role, -helps make links between infomation and encode new info -involved in memory formation but NOT retention Click here to enter a definition.-signals that info needs to be encoded -\"hey you need to knwo this\"left activation -working memory= left bias -right activation is for faces-protection mechanism -brain isn't fully formed yet -different cues used for memory recall that are different from adulthoodcomprised of -physiological responses -overt behaviors -conscious feelings that we are all hardwired -sadness, happiness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise-glucorticoids -cortisol-researchers should be able to evoke emotions -by making the facial expressions associated with the emotion you can in turn start to experience the emotion itself -emotional stimulus --> bodily responses --> conscious emotional feelings -PROBLEM: emotion-provoking stimuli give rise to similar sets of biological responses-emotional -->bodily responses --> conscious emotional feelings -->cognitive assessment--> it is easier to retrieve memories that match our current mood or emotional state-extreme emotions can lead to memories of exceptional strength and durability-an organism learns to take action to avoid or escape from dangerous situationo Exposure to an uncontrollable punisher teaches an expectation that responses are ineffectual, which in turn reduce the motivation to attempt new avoidance responses are ineffectualo A psychiatric condition that involves not only sadness but also a general loss of initiative and activity o Area of the brain which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, cingulated cortex, hippocampus and amygdale o Known as the “emotional circuit” o Amygdala: small almond-shaped structure that lies at the anterior tip of the hippocampus Sections for sensory input & projection out of amygdale to ANS drving expression of physiological expressions, and a section that provides a pathway by which emotion modulates memory stoage and retrieval Studies of animals with amygdale regions show a deficit in producing an ANS or fight-or-flight response smaller hippocampal regionof things rather than episodic versus semantic as a way of understanding memory the representation must be constructed intentionally to stand for something else (even when not done intentionally) -problem with traditional memory theorythe representation must carry information about what it stands for -problem with traditional memory theoryactual physical representation you can see, touch or interact wtih more like left, right, above, beside -we learn through hearing these abstract ideas through repeated contextentorhinal and amygdala and hippocampusdirectly project back to memory storage areas, including the cortex, basal ganglia and hippocampusmotor area of emotion -freezing or startle reflex in rats or humans -ANS-control=normal freezing from conditioning shock -amygdala lesions= don't learn what tone means -hippocampal=normal reactions-consolidation
-dendrites, cell body, axons
-neurotransmitters cause \"firing\" of neurons -input areas that receive signals from other neurons
-receive nt from synapse that link on here from other neurons
integrates signals from the dendrites
-this is where the neuron decides if it has enough electrical charge to firetransmit information to other neurons
-causes neurotransmitters to be released and travel across synapse to another neuroncells that provide functional and structural support to neuronscommunicate across synapse, chemicals that carry messages ex dopaminemolecules on the surface of the postsynaptic neuron that are specialized to bind particular kinds of neurotransmitters. Kind of like a lock and key. If enough NT are transmitted the neuron “fires”can affect activity in entire brain areas rather than just at a single synapse. They alter how neurons exchange messages `contributes to coordinated movement, learning involved in physical actionstructure that receives sensory information from the PNS and relays info to the braininvolved in planning and producing skilled movements`learning new info about facts or remembering autobiographical events. You have 1 on each side of the brain emotional brain centrebrain scanning, allows you to see lesions and size and shape of the brain : multiple x-ray pictures, allows the pinpointing of exact locations of structures through 3D imaging, however it is hard to see soft tissuesuses changes in magnetic fields to generate images of internal structure Lashley; memories are not stored in one area of the brain, rather, the brain operates as a whole to store memorieso Drugs can increase or decrease the ability of the presynaptic neuron to produce or release neurotransmitter
o Drugs can increase or decrease the ability of postsynaptic neurons to receive the chemical message. They “fool” the postsynaptic membrane into thinking it has received a message
o Drugs alter the mechanisms for clearing neurotransmitter molecules out of the synapse out of the synapse
a process in which synaptic transmission becomes more effective as a result of recent activity; with long-term depression, widely believed to represent a form of synaptic plasticity that could be the neuron mechanism for learning
-neurons that fire together, wire togethera process in which synaptic transmission becomes less effective as a result of recent activity; with long-term potentiation, widely believed to represent a form of synaptic plasticity that could be the neural mechanism for learningthroughout different regions of the brain depending on what part they depict, ie our last birthday may have a spatial part accounting for where it was, a scent memory for what the cake smelled like etc.involved in visual processing, identification area
role in language-process spatial location
-processing for touch, somatosensory cortex
-memory for complex motor movement (ex using a hammer)-executive control system, planning, goal-setting
-personality
-plays a crucial role in short term memory, \"working memory\", recall
-DLPFC- makes you human
-VLPFC- controls motor functions
-primary motor cortex- motor memory
mostly involved in motor function-area just above corpus collosum
-memory for classical conditioninginvolved in memory and values of rewardslanguage areamemory for language productionsmell memorya memory for a specific autobiographical event. Includes information about the spatial and temporal context: where and when the event occurred. (Event memory)memories for facts or general knowledge about the world. Unlike episodic, it is not tagged in time and space. (Fact Memory)
-both can be communicated flexibly, in different formats than the one they were originally acquired
-both are generally accessible to conscious recall
-semantic need not be autobiographical-in memory: the length of time during which new memories are vulnerable and easily losta pulse of electricity is passed through the brain via electrodes on each side of the head. If administered 20 seconds after training, the memory will be severely disrupted
• Older memories are relatively stable and difficult to disrupt whereas new memories are easier
refers to the principle that retrieval is more likely if the cues available at recall are similar to those that were available at encodingyou are simply asked to generate the information from memoryyou are given some kind of promptthe ability to store visual information vividly and faithfully so random details can be “read” later onwhen two memories overlap and interfere with accuracy of both
-Proactive interference: where old information can disrupt new
-Retroactive interference: where new information can disrupt old
a subtle failure, where we remember a fact or event but attribute it to the wrong sourcea person mistakenly thinks that his current thought are novel or originalepisodicselective disruption of the ability to process a particular kind of information-anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new episodic and semantic memories-the hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe structures are initially required for episodic memory storage and retrieval but their contribution diminishes over time until the cortex is capable of retrieving the memory without hippocampal help
-linking all the different componenets to an episodic memory is the consolidation part-memories are encoded by an ensemble of hippocampal and cortical neurons in normal circumstances become fully independent of the hippocampal neurons
-over time, as more connections accumulate, the ensemble grows and memories may be partially paired if hippocampal damage occurs
-explains why patients with amnesia tend to lose newer memories more readily than old and why sometimes semantic memory is sparedthe people who were supposed to be remembering showed a more active hippocampus throughout the middle stage of memorycondition associated with a deficiency of thiamine that sometimes accompanies chronic alcohol abuse
-patients develop anterograde amnesia
-confabulation occursdamage tied to amnesia
-function to receive blood and oxygen from ACoA
-sends acetylcholine and GABA to hippocampus(TGA)
-a transient, or temporary disruption of memory
-persists for several hours
-severe anterograde amnesia and some degree of retrograde amnesia-amnesia that seems to result from psychological causes rather than physical -forgetting of events that occurred during infancy
-most adults cannot remember before 3-4 years
Click here to enter a definition.-suggests that if memories survive past the consolidation period they tend to be \"safe\"
-we use hierarchical semantic networks as models for encoded links between nodes (concepts or objects)the binding causes an excitatory or inhibitory post-synaptic reaction
-all neurons do is add up voltages, when action potential is reached, it firesClick here to enter a definition.changes these connections, makes them stronger
-links between specific muscles used to swing a club will be much stronger for a golfer for instance
-current theory: that these conections are always trying to fomr but are being cancelled out in the process
--when you are rewarded by a choice the memory increasees,
-you then change the \"weight' or the strength of the connection you create a preference and it starts to fire more easily-a) post-synaptic potential occurs
-b) -now the binding sites are functioning at a higher rate of efficacy
-increased post-synaptic potential
-long-term memory formed
-more neurotransmitters are released
-synaptic growth
-rearrangement of synaptic input
-LTP induces the change, the state of change resting potential does this (when you have learned or memorized something you don't have to go back to an LTP state because the connection is already formed)-another neuron attached to side of pre-synaptic axon that is firing
-dopamine connects at this junction (dopamine regulates rewards)-spatial and temporal context-semantic improves with similar events
-episodic goes down -develops within seconds or minutes and lasts for hours
-working memory
-if memory doesn't move on it's because of lack of attention, distraction or neurons not firing enough
-seconds-hours
-size of receptive field increases *more nts can bind
-more nts released
-growth-new connections are grown
-hours-months
months to lifetimes1. Encoding
-getting the information in
-identifying the synapses you need to change
-brain figuring out where it will store the info
2.Consolidation
-memory sticks or doesn't
-factors that effect this (occurs during sleep, nutrition, alcohol,etc.)
3. Retention
-phase where it's \"just sitting in memory\"
4. Retrieval
-bring information back to working memory
yes
-scrub jay searching for worms and then nuts depending on amount of time that has passed
-study with King the Gorilla
-identifying who or what-context: ie visualization
-depth of processing
-interference during consolidation disrupts memory encoding -previously acquired information interferes with new learning
-basketball players will shoot the way they were taught by college
acquisition of new information disrupts old memories-linkages between events or ideas
-Aristotle
-based on contingency, frequency, similarity
-huge role,
-helps make links between infomation and encode new info
-involved in memory formation but NOT retention
Click here to enter a definition.-signals that info needs to be encoded
-\"hey you need to knwo this\"left activation
-working memory= left bias
-right activation is for faces-protection mechanism
-brain isn't fully formed yet
-different cues used for memory recall that are different from adulthoodcomprised of
-physiological responses
-overt behaviors
-conscious feelings
that we are all hardwired
-sadness, happiness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise-glucorticoids
-cortisol-researchers should be able to evoke emotions
-by making the facial expressions associated with the emotion you can in turn start to experience the emotion itself
-emotional stimulus --> bodily responses --> conscious emotional feelings
-PROBLEM: emotion-provoking stimuli give rise to similar sets of biological responses-emotional -->bodily responses --> conscious emotional feelings
-->cognitive assessment--> it is easier to retrieve memories that match our current mood or emotional state-extreme emotions can lead to memories of exceptional strength and durability-an organism learns to take action to avoid or escape from dangerous situationo Exposure to an uncontrollable punisher teaches an expectation that responses are ineffectual, which in turn reduce the motivation to attempt new avoidance responses are ineffectualo A psychiatric condition that involves not only sadness but also a general loss of initiative and activity o Area of the brain which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, cingulated cortex, hippocampus and amygdale
o Known as the “emotional circuit”
o Amygdala: small almond-shaped structure that lies at the anterior tip of the hippocampus
Sections for sensory input & projection out of amygdale to ANS drving expression of physiological expressions, and a section that provides a pathway by which emotion modulates memory stoage and retrieval
Studies of animals with amygdale regions show a deficit in producing an ANS or fight-or-flight response
smaller hippocampal regionof things rather than episodic versus semantic as a way of understanding memory the representation must be constructed intentionally to stand for something else (even when not done intentionally)
-problem with traditional memory theorythe representation must carry information about what it stands for
-problem with traditional memory theoryactual physical representation you can see, touch or interact wtih
more like left, right, above, beside
-we learn through hearing these abstract ideas through repeated contextentorhinal and amygdala and hippocampusdirectly project back to memory storage areas, including the cortex, basal ganglia and hippocampusmotor area of emotion
-freezing or startle reflex in rats or humans
-ANS-control=normal freezing from conditioning shock
-amygdala lesions= don't learn what tone means
-hippocampal=normal reactions-consolidation• collect information from the sensory systems and the rest of the body, process information, and respond to it by coordinating body responses -dendrites, cell body, axons -neurotransmitters cause \"firing\" of neurons -input areas that receive signals from other neurons -receive nt from synapse that link on here from other neurons integrates signals from the dendrites -this is where the neuron decides if it has enough electrical charge to firetransmit information to other neurons -causes neurotransmitters to be released and travel across synapse to another neuroncells that provide functional and structural support to neuronscommunicate across synapse, chemicals that carry messages ex dopaminemolecules on the surface of the postsynaptic neuron that are specialized to bind particular kinds of neurotransmitters. Kind of like a lock and key. If enough NT are transmitted the neuron “fires”can affect activity in entire brain areas rather than just at a single synapse. They alter how neurons exchange messages `contributes to coordinated movement, learning involved in physical actionstructure that receives sensory information from the PNS and relays info to the braininvolved in planning and producing skilled movements`learning new info about facts or remembering autobiographical events. You have 1 on each side of the brain emotional brain centrebrain scanning, allows you to see lesions and size and shape of the brain : multiple x-ray pictures, allows the pinpointing of exact locations of structures through 3D imaging, however it is hard to see soft tissuesuses changes in magnetic fields to generate images of internal structure Lashley; memories are not stored in one area of the brain, rather, the brain operates as a whole to store memorieso Drugs can increase or decrease the ability of the presynaptic neuron to produce or release neurotransmitter o Drugs can increase or decrease the ability of postsynaptic neurons to receive the chemical message. They “fool” the postsynaptic membrane into thinking it has received a message o Drugs alter the mechanisms for clearing neurotransmitter molecules out of the synapse out of the synapse a process in which synaptic transmission becomes more effective as a result of recent activity; with long-term depression, widely believed to represent a form of synaptic plasticity that could be the neuron mechanism for learning -neurons that fire together, wire togethera process in which synaptic transmission becomes less effective as a result of recent activity; with long-term potentiation, widely believed to represent a form of synaptic plasticity that could be the neural mechanism for learningthroughout different regions of the brain depending on what part they depict, ie our last birthday may have a spatial part accounting for where it was, a scent memory for what the cake smelled like etc.involved in visual processing, identification area role in language-process spatial location -processing for touch, somatosensory cortex -memory for complex motor movement (ex using a hammer)-executive control system, planning, goal-setting -personality -plays a crucial role in short term memory, \"working memory\", recall -DLPFC- makes you human -VLPFC- controls motor functions -primary motor cortex- motor memory mostly involved in motor function-area just above corpus collosum -memory for classical conditioninginvolved in memory and values of rewardslanguage areamemory for language productionsmell memorya memory for a specific autobiographical event. Includes information about the spatial and temporal context: where and when the event occurred. (Event memory)memories for facts or general knowledge about the world. Unlike episodic, it is not tagged in time and space. (Fact Memory) -both can be communicated flexibly, in different formats than the one they were originally acquired -both are generally accessible to conscious recall -semantic need not be autobiographical-in memory: the length of time during which new memories are vulnerable and easily losta pulse of electricity is passed through the brain via electrodes on each side of the head. If administered 20 seconds after training, the memory will be severely disrupted • Older memories are relatively stable and difficult to disrupt whereas new memories are easier refers to the principle that retrieval is more likely if the cues available at recall are similar to those that were available at encodingyou are simply asked to generate the information from memoryyou are given some kind of promptthe ability to store visual information vividly and faithfully so random details can be “read” later onwhen two memories overlap and interfere with accuracy of both -Proactive interference: where old information can disrupt new -Retroactive interference: where new information can disrupt old a subtle failure, where we remember a fact or event but attribute it to the wrong sourcea person mistakenly thinks that his current thought are novel or originalepisodicselective disruption of the ability to process a particular kind of information-anterograde amnesia (the inability to form new episodic and semantic memories-the hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe structures are initially required for episodic memory storage and retrieval but their contribution diminishes over time until the cortex is capable of retrieving the memory without hippocampal help -linking all the different componenets to an episodic memory is the consolidation part-memories are encoded by an ensemble of hippocampal and cortical neurons in normal circumstances become fully independent of the hippocampal neurons -over time, as more connections accumulate, the ensemble grows and memories may be partially paired if hippocampal damage occurs -explains why patients with amnesia tend to lose newer memories more readily than old and why sometimes semantic memory is sparedthe people who were supposed to be remembering showed a more active hippocampus throughout the middle stage of memorycondition associated with a deficiency of thiamine that sometimes accompanies chronic alcohol abuse -patients develop anterograde amnesia -confabulation occursdamage tied to amnesia -function to receive blood and oxygen from ACoA -sends acetylcholine and GABA to hippocampus(TGA) -a transient, or temporary disruption of memory -persists for several hours -severe anterograde amnesia and some degree of retrograde amnesia-amnesia that seems to result from psychological causes rather than physical -forgetting of events that occurred during infancy -most adults cannot remember before 3-4 years Click here to enter a definition.-suggests that if memories survive past the consolidation period they tend to be \"safe\" -we use hierarchical semantic networks as models for encoded links between nodes (concepts or objects)the binding causes an excitatory or inhibitory post-synaptic reaction -all neurons do is add up voltages, when action potential is reached, it firesClick here to enter a definition.changes these connections, makes them stronger -links between specific muscles used to swing a club will be much stronger for a golfer for instance -current theory: that these conections are always trying to fomr but are being cancelled out in the process --when you are rewarded by a choice the memory increasees, -you then change the \"weight' or the strength of the connection you create a preference and it starts to fire more easily-a) post-synaptic potential occurs -b) -now the binding sites are functioning at a higher rate of efficacy -increased post-synaptic potential -long-term memory formed -more neurotransmitters are released -synaptic growth -rearrangement of synaptic input -LTP induces the change, the state of change resting potential does this (when you have learned or memorized something you don't have to go back to an LTP state because the connection is already formed)-another neuron attached to side of pre-synaptic axon that is firing -dopamine connects at this junction (dopamine regulates rewards)-spatial and temporal context-semantic improves with similar events -episodic goes down -develops within seconds or minutes and lasts for hours -working memory -if memory doesn't move on it's because of lack of attention, distraction or neurons not firing enough -seconds-hours -size of receptive field increases *more nts can bind -more nts released -growth-new connections are grown -hours-months months to lifetimes1. Encoding -getting the information in -identifying the synapses you need to change -brain figuring out where it will store the info 2.Consolidation -memory sticks or doesn't -factors that effect this (occurs during sleep, nutrition, alcohol,etc.) 3. Retention -phase where it's \"just sitting in memory\" 4. Retrieval -bring information back to working memory yes -scrub jay searching for worms and then nuts depending on amount of time that has passed -study with King the Gorilla -identifying who or what-context: ie visualization -depth of processing -interference during consolidation disrupts memory encoding -previously acquired information interferes with new learning -basketball players will shoot the way they were taught by college acquisition of new information disrupts old memories-linkages between events or ideas -Aristotle -based on contingency, frequency, similarity -huge role, -helps make links between infomation and encode new info -involved in memory formation but NOT retention Click here to enter a definition.-signals that info needs to be encoded -\"hey you need to knwo this\"left activation -working memory= left bias -right activation is for faces-protection mechanism -brain isn't fully formed yet -different cues used for memory recall that are different from adulthoodcomprised of -physiological responses -overt behaviors -conscious feelings that we are all hardwired -sadness, happiness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise-glucorticoids -cortisol-researchers should be able to evoke emotions -by making the facial expressions associated with the emotion you can in turn start to experience the emotion itself -emotional stimulus --> bodily responses --> conscious emotional feelings -PROBLEM: emotion-provoking stimuli give rise to similar sets of biological responses-emotional -->bodily responses --> conscious emotional feelings -->cognitive assessment--> it is easier to retrieve memories that match our current mood or emotional state-extreme emotions can lead to memories of exceptional strength and durability-an organism learns to take action to avoid or escape from dangerous situationo Exposure to an uncontrollable punisher teaches an expectation that responses are ineffectual, which in turn reduce the motivation to attempt new avoidance responses are ineffectualo A psychiatric condition that involves not only sadness but also a general loss of initiative and activity o Area of the brain which includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, cingulated cortex, hippocampus and amygdale o Known as the “emotional circuit” o Amygdala: small almond-shaped structure that lies at the anterior tip of the hippocampus Sections for sensory input & projection out of amygdale to ANS drving expression of physiological expressions, and a section that provides a pathway by which emotion modulates memory stoage and retrieval Studies of animals with amygdale regions show a deficit in producing an ANS or fight-or-flight response smaller hippocampal regionof things rather than episodic versus semantic as a way of understanding memory the representation must be constructed intentionally to stand for something else (even when not done intentionally) -problem with traditional memory theorythe representation must carry information about what it stands for -problem with traditional memory theoryactual physical representation you can see, touch or interact wtih more like left, right, above, beside -we learn through hearing these abstract ideas through repeated contextentorhinal and amygdala and hippocampusdirectly project back to memory storage areas, including the cortex, basal ganglia and hippocampusmotor area of emotion -freezing or startle reflex in rats or humans -ANS-control=normal freezing from conditioning shock -amygdala lesions= don't learn what tone means -hippocampal=normal reactions-consolidation
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Click icons below to change size or style:
neurons
dendrites
cell body
axon
glia
neurotransmitters
receptors of neurons
neuromodulaters
cerebellum
thalamus
basal ganglia
hippocampus
amygdala
structural neuroimaging
computed tomography
magnetic resonance imagin
theory of equipotentiality
what are some of the ways drugs affect the brain? (3)
long-term potentiation
long-term depression
how are memories distributed?
Temporal cortex
parietal lobe
frontal cortex
cerebellum
anterior cingulate cortex
basal ganglia
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
pyriform cortex and entrohinal cortex
episodic memory
semantic memory
similarites between semantic and episodic memory
semantic and episodic differ in what way?
consolidation period
electroconvolsive therapy
transfer-appropriate processing
free recall
cued recall
eidetic memory
interference
source amnesia
cryptoamnesia
Hippocampus is crucial for what type of memory?
agnosia
HM suffered from what type of amnesia and why?
standard consolidation theory
multiple memory trace theory
Directed forgetting experiment showed
korsakoff's disease
basal forebrain
Transient Global Amnesia
functional amnesia (or psychogenic amnesia)
infantile amnesia
Ribot Gradient
Ribot Gradient
synapse
synaptic plasticity
synaptic plasticity1
reward & memory
how memory improves on a neuronal level
interneuron modulation
Episodic is tagged with what wheras sematic is not?
strength of memories and repetition
short-term trace
long-term trace
long lasting trace
outline the stages of memroy formation
Do animals have episodic memory?
Factors that influence semantic and episodic memory formation?
proactive interference
retrograde interference
associationism
Hippocampus and memory
basal forebrain
basal forebrain
word learning
why can't we remember things from our infancy?
Emotion
Ekmans theory of emotion
name some stress hormones
James Lange theory of emotion
Modern Emotional Theory
mood congruency of memory
flashbulb memories
conditioned avoidance
learned helplessness
• Depression
limbic system
findings from the brains of those who suffer from PTSD
representations
the intentionality criterion
information carrying criterion
modal representation
amodal representation
you see more activation in _____ in emotional contexts rather than neutral situations
basolateral
central nucleus function
in the experiment with rats with lesions, what results occurred with amygdala or hippocampal lesions?
what part of memory formation does emotion matter in terms of memory strength?
