THIS IS THE WORD TO LEARN.
Major divisions of the Hebrew BiblePre-Israelite PeriodUnited MonarchyDivided Monarcy and Assyrian PeriodBabylonian PeriodPersian PeriodGreek PeriodMacabbean PeriodScholarly CriticismText CriticismHistorical CriticismSocial Science CriticismForm CriticismSource CriticismRedaction CriticismLiterary CriticismCannonical CriticismReader-Response CriticismFeminist CriticismMajor divisions of the Hebrew BiblePre-Israelite PeriodUnited MonarchyDivided Monarcy and Assyrian PeriodBabylonian PeriodPersian PeriodGreek PeriodMacabbean PeriodScholarly CriticismText CriticismHistorical CriticismSocial Science CriticismForm CriticismSource CriticismRedaction CriticismLiterary CriticismCannonical CriticismReader-Response CriticismFeminist Criticism
This is the text for a DEFINITION.
Torah
\"Instruction\"
1st five books
Nevi'im
Prophets
Joshua, Judges, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, etc.Israelite's Orgins
Outside biblical text, no historical record
Canaan-controlled by Egypt before Israelite monarchy
Before 1020 BCEFormation of the kingdom: response to external threat (Philistines)
First Rulers: Saul, David, Solomon (Solomon’s death marks end of period)
First Temple: constructed in Jerusalem under Solomon’s reign
1020-922 BCEKingdom split in two after Solomon’s death
North: Israel (Samaria)
South: Judah (Jerusalem)
722 Destruction of Israel by Assyria (Judah had pressure, but was able to avoid being destroyed)
922-722 BCE612 BCE – Assyria falls to Babylonians and Medes
597 BCE – Babylonians capture Jerusalem and remove influential Israelite leaders to Babylon (known as the Babylonian captivity)
587 BCE – Jewish and all of Jerusalem demolished by the Babylonians (because tried to rebel)
539 BCE- Babylonians fall to the Persians
612-539 BCE539 BCE-Captures Babylonia
Persians won Israelite support through benign policies
Allowed to return to native lands
Allowed reconstruction of temples
Some Jews stayed in the “Diaspora”, or in other words remained scattered, others returned home
515 BCE-Jews that returned home built the Second Temple, marks beginning of Second Temple Period (515 BCE-70 CE)
539-330 BCE330-164 BCE
Alexander conquers the lands surrounding eastern Med sea
323 BCE Alexander dies; kingdom divided
Palestine caught in middle between Ptolemaic and Seleucid Dynasties; eventually Seleucid Dynasty gains control
Transformation of Palestinian culture – educated Jews become Greek speaking and adopt Greek (Hellenic) culture164-63 BCE
Maccabees – prominent Jewish family who fought for independence; ardent followers of the Jewish law found in the Torah
164 BCE – Followers gain independence from Seleucid Dynasty
63 BCE – Roman troops occupy Palestine
Purpose: better understanding (not rejection)
Goal: to analyze as carefully and objectively as possibleExamination of different manuscripts
Why? Fallible copiers
Unintentional mistakes
change of letter
repeated phrase
Intentional mistakes
for clarity
for theological reasonsIn the text
What actually happened?
Using following standards of evidence
Factual accuracy
Historical likelihood
See whether is likely to be true or just a literary device
Authorial intent
Figure out who the author is and their intent
Of the text
What circumstances shaped the text itself?
Investigate the historical setting in which the texts originateFocus on social forms/institutions
Sociology—study of these forms
Socio-economic factors
Demographic changes
Self-reflection on methodology
Example: Prophecy
Driven by social inequality
Changes in governance & religious institutionsReconstruction of Oral sources
Clues hidden in the text itself
Example: Exodus 15: 20-21
Omniscient narrator until get to chapter 15
Victory song
Focus on: traditions/ways of life that shaped a written textFocus on earlier written forms
Difficult- No footnotes
Clues
Stylistic
Distinctive vocab
Jehovah vs. Ellohem vs. Yahweh
Literary style
Theological perspective
Inconsistencies, repetitionFocus on earlier written forms
Process of development
Oral Sources (Form Criticism)
Individual units of writing (Source crit.)
Combined into final form by editor (Redaction crit.)Focus on finished text
Focus on its literary features
Plot
Character
Setting
Point of View
Literary Devices
Themes
Symbols
Rhetorical language
Similes
MetaphorsAnalysis of a text in relation to other texts in the Jewish and Christian canon
Example: Place of Deuteronomy in the Pentateuch
Trying to initiate the next generation
Moses is old, trying to pass on his believes to future generations
Focus on theological analysisEmphasis on how the reader responds to the text
Focus on the present reception of the text, rather than on its original context and development
Multiple readings are possible, not just one “right” reading
Rejects idea of one right reasonConcentrates on the following rights of women
Political
Social
Economic
Feminism
Critical discipline – arises from 1960’s women’s movement
No pretense to objectivity
Emphasis on relevance rather than “absolute truth”
Example: Phyllis Trible, Genesis 2-3, study of Eve as “helper”
Word usually used for god; claims that because of that, Eve’s role elevatedTorah \"Instruction\" 1st five books Nevi'im Prophets Joshua, Judges, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, etc.Israelite's Orgins Outside biblical text, no historical record Canaan-controlled by Egypt before Israelite monarchy Before 1020 BCEFormation of the kingdom: response to external threat (Philistines) First Rulers: Saul, David, Solomon (Solomon’s death marks end of period) First Temple: constructed in Jerusalem under Solomon’s reign 1020-922 BCEKingdom split in two after Solomon’s death North: Israel (Samaria) South: Judah (Jerusalem) 722 Destruction of Israel by Assyria (Judah had pressure, but was able to avoid being destroyed) 922-722 BCE612 BCE – Assyria falls to Babylonians and Medes 597 BCE – Babylonians capture Jerusalem and remove influential Israelite leaders to Babylon (known as the Babylonian captivity) 587 BCE – Jewish and all of Jerusalem demolished by the Babylonians (because tried to rebel) 539 BCE- Babylonians fall to the Persians 612-539 BCE539 BCE-Captures Babylonia Persians won Israelite support through benign policies Allowed to return to native lands Allowed reconstruction of temples Some Jews stayed in the “Diaspora”, or in other words remained scattered, others returned home 515 BCE-Jews that returned home built the Second Temple, marks beginning of Second Temple Period (515 BCE-70 CE) 539-330 BCE330-164 BCE Alexander conquers the lands surrounding eastern Med sea 323 BCE Alexander dies; kingdom divided Palestine caught in middle between Ptolemaic and Seleucid Dynasties; eventually Seleucid Dynasty gains control Transformation of Palestinian culture – educated Jews become Greek speaking and adopt Greek (Hellenic) culture164-63 BCE Maccabees – prominent Jewish family who fought for independence; ardent followers of the Jewish law found in the Torah 164 BCE – Followers gain independence from Seleucid Dynasty 63 BCE – Roman troops occupy Palestine Purpose: better understanding (not rejection) Goal: to analyze as carefully and objectively as possibleExamination of different manuscripts Why? Fallible copiers Unintentional mistakes change of letter repeated phrase Intentional mistakes for clarity for theological reasonsIn the text What actually happened? Using following standards of evidence Factual accuracy Historical likelihood See whether is likely to be true or just a literary device Authorial intent Figure out who the author is and their intent Of the text What circumstances shaped the text itself? Investigate the historical setting in which the texts originateFocus on social forms/institutions Sociology—study of these forms Socio-economic factors Demographic changes Self-reflection on methodology Example: Prophecy Driven by social inequality Changes in governance & religious institutionsReconstruction of Oral sources Clues hidden in the text itself Example: Exodus 15: 20-21 Omniscient narrator until get to chapter 15 Victory song Focus on: traditions/ways of life that shaped a written textFocus on earlier written forms Difficult- No footnotes Clues Stylistic Distinctive vocab Jehovah vs. Ellohem vs. Yahweh Literary style Theological perspective Inconsistencies, repetitionFocus on earlier written forms Process of development Oral Sources (Form Criticism) Individual units of writing (Source crit.) Combined into final form by editor (Redaction crit.)Focus on finished text Focus on its literary features Plot Character Setting Point of View Literary Devices Themes Symbols Rhetorical language Similes MetaphorsAnalysis of a text in relation to other texts in the Jewish and Christian canon Example: Place of Deuteronomy in the Pentateuch Trying to initiate the next generation Moses is old, trying to pass on his believes to future generations Focus on theological analysisEmphasis on how the reader responds to the text Focus on the present reception of the text, rather than on its original context and development Multiple readings are possible, not just one “right” reading Rejects idea of one right reasonConcentrates on the following rights of women Political Social Economic Feminism Critical discipline – arises from 1960’s women’s movement No pretense to objectivity Emphasis on relevance rather than “absolute truth” Example: Phyllis Trible, Genesis 2-3, study of Eve as “helper” Word usually used for god; claims that because of that, Eve’s role elevated
\"Instruction\"
1st five books
Nevi'im
Prophets
Joshua, Judges, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, etc.Israelite's Orgins
Outside biblical text, no historical record
Canaan-controlled by Egypt before Israelite monarchy
Before 1020 BCEFormation of the kingdom: response to external threat (Philistines)
First Rulers: Saul, David, Solomon (Solomon’s death marks end of period)
First Temple: constructed in Jerusalem under Solomon’s reign
1020-922 BCEKingdom split in two after Solomon’s death
North: Israel (Samaria)
South: Judah (Jerusalem)
722 Destruction of Israel by Assyria (Judah had pressure, but was able to avoid being destroyed)
922-722 BCE612 BCE – Assyria falls to Babylonians and Medes
597 BCE – Babylonians capture Jerusalem and remove influential Israelite leaders to Babylon (known as the Babylonian captivity)
587 BCE – Jewish and all of Jerusalem demolished by the Babylonians (because tried to rebel)
539 BCE- Babylonians fall to the Persians
612-539 BCE539 BCE-Captures Babylonia
Persians won Israelite support through benign policies
Allowed to return to native lands
Allowed reconstruction of temples
Some Jews stayed in the “Diaspora”, or in other words remained scattered, others returned home
515 BCE-Jews that returned home built the Second Temple, marks beginning of Second Temple Period (515 BCE-70 CE)
539-330 BCE330-164 BCE
Alexander conquers the lands surrounding eastern Med sea
323 BCE Alexander dies; kingdom divided
Palestine caught in middle between Ptolemaic and Seleucid Dynasties; eventually Seleucid Dynasty gains control
Transformation of Palestinian culture – educated Jews become Greek speaking and adopt Greek (Hellenic) culture164-63 BCE
Maccabees – prominent Jewish family who fought for independence; ardent followers of the Jewish law found in the Torah
164 BCE – Followers gain independence from Seleucid Dynasty
63 BCE – Roman troops occupy Palestine
Purpose: better understanding (not rejection)
Goal: to analyze as carefully and objectively as possibleExamination of different manuscripts
Why? Fallible copiers
Unintentional mistakes
change of letter
repeated phrase
Intentional mistakes
for clarity
for theological reasonsIn the text
What actually happened?
Using following standards of evidence
Factual accuracy
Historical likelihood
See whether is likely to be true or just a literary device
Authorial intent
Figure out who the author is and their intent
Of the text
What circumstances shaped the text itself?
Investigate the historical setting in which the texts originateFocus on social forms/institutions
Sociology—study of these forms
Socio-economic factors
Demographic changes
Self-reflection on methodology
Example: Prophecy
Driven by social inequality
Changes in governance & religious institutionsReconstruction of Oral sources
Clues hidden in the text itself
Example: Exodus 15: 20-21
Omniscient narrator until get to chapter 15
Victory song
Focus on: traditions/ways of life that shaped a written textFocus on earlier written forms
Difficult- No footnotes
Clues
Stylistic
Distinctive vocab
Jehovah vs. Ellohem vs. Yahweh
Literary style
Theological perspective
Inconsistencies, repetitionFocus on earlier written forms
Process of development
Oral Sources (Form Criticism)
Individual units of writing (Source crit.)
Combined into final form by editor (Redaction crit.)Focus on finished text
Focus on its literary features
Plot
Character
Setting
Point of View
Literary Devices
Themes
Symbols
Rhetorical language
Similes
MetaphorsAnalysis of a text in relation to other texts in the Jewish and Christian canon
Example: Place of Deuteronomy in the Pentateuch
Trying to initiate the next generation
Moses is old, trying to pass on his believes to future generations
Focus on theological analysisEmphasis on how the reader responds to the text
Focus on the present reception of the text, rather than on its original context and development
Multiple readings are possible, not just one “right” reading
Rejects idea of one right reasonConcentrates on the following rights of women
Political
Social
Economic
Feminism
Critical discipline – arises from 1960’s women’s movement
No pretense to objectivity
Emphasis on relevance rather than “absolute truth”
Example: Phyllis Trible, Genesis 2-3, study of Eve as “helper”
Word usually used for god; claims that because of that, Eve’s role elevatedTorah \"Instruction\" 1st five books Nevi'im Prophets Joshua, Judges, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, etc.Israelite's Orgins Outside biblical text, no historical record Canaan-controlled by Egypt before Israelite monarchy Before 1020 BCEFormation of the kingdom: response to external threat (Philistines) First Rulers: Saul, David, Solomon (Solomon’s death marks end of period) First Temple: constructed in Jerusalem under Solomon’s reign 1020-922 BCEKingdom split in two after Solomon’s death North: Israel (Samaria) South: Judah (Jerusalem) 722 Destruction of Israel by Assyria (Judah had pressure, but was able to avoid being destroyed) 922-722 BCE612 BCE – Assyria falls to Babylonians and Medes 597 BCE – Babylonians capture Jerusalem and remove influential Israelite leaders to Babylon (known as the Babylonian captivity) 587 BCE – Jewish and all of Jerusalem demolished by the Babylonians (because tried to rebel) 539 BCE- Babylonians fall to the Persians 612-539 BCE539 BCE-Captures Babylonia Persians won Israelite support through benign policies Allowed to return to native lands Allowed reconstruction of temples Some Jews stayed in the “Diaspora”, or in other words remained scattered, others returned home 515 BCE-Jews that returned home built the Second Temple, marks beginning of Second Temple Period (515 BCE-70 CE) 539-330 BCE330-164 BCE Alexander conquers the lands surrounding eastern Med sea 323 BCE Alexander dies; kingdom divided Palestine caught in middle between Ptolemaic and Seleucid Dynasties; eventually Seleucid Dynasty gains control Transformation of Palestinian culture – educated Jews become Greek speaking and adopt Greek (Hellenic) culture164-63 BCE Maccabees – prominent Jewish family who fought for independence; ardent followers of the Jewish law found in the Torah 164 BCE – Followers gain independence from Seleucid Dynasty 63 BCE – Roman troops occupy Palestine Purpose: better understanding (not rejection) Goal: to analyze as carefully and objectively as possibleExamination of different manuscripts Why? Fallible copiers Unintentional mistakes change of letter repeated phrase Intentional mistakes for clarity for theological reasonsIn the text What actually happened? Using following standards of evidence Factual accuracy Historical likelihood See whether is likely to be true or just a literary device Authorial intent Figure out who the author is and their intent Of the text What circumstances shaped the text itself? Investigate the historical setting in which the texts originateFocus on social forms/institutions Sociology—study of these forms Socio-economic factors Demographic changes Self-reflection on methodology Example: Prophecy Driven by social inequality Changes in governance & religious institutionsReconstruction of Oral sources Clues hidden in the text itself Example: Exodus 15: 20-21 Omniscient narrator until get to chapter 15 Victory song Focus on: traditions/ways of life that shaped a written textFocus on earlier written forms Difficult- No footnotes Clues Stylistic Distinctive vocab Jehovah vs. Ellohem vs. Yahweh Literary style Theological perspective Inconsistencies, repetitionFocus on earlier written forms Process of development Oral Sources (Form Criticism) Individual units of writing (Source crit.) Combined into final form by editor (Redaction crit.)Focus on finished text Focus on its literary features Plot Character Setting Point of View Literary Devices Themes Symbols Rhetorical language Similes MetaphorsAnalysis of a text in relation to other texts in the Jewish and Christian canon Example: Place of Deuteronomy in the Pentateuch Trying to initiate the next generation Moses is old, trying to pass on his believes to future generations Focus on theological analysisEmphasis on how the reader responds to the text Focus on the present reception of the text, rather than on its original context and development Multiple readings are possible, not just one “right” reading Rejects idea of one right reasonConcentrates on the following rights of women Political Social Economic Feminism Critical discipline – arises from 1960’s women’s movement No pretense to objectivity Emphasis on relevance rather than “absolute truth” Example: Phyllis Trible, Genesis 2-3, study of Eve as “helper” Word usually used for god; claims that because of that, Eve’s role elevated
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Major divisions of the Hebrew Bible
Pre-Israelite Period
United Monarchy
Divided Monarcy and Assyrian Period
Babylonian Period
Persian Period
Greek Period
Macabbean Period
Scholarly Criticism
Text Criticism
Historical Criticism
Social Science Criticism
Form Criticism
Source Criticism
Redaction Criticism
Literary Criticism
Cannonical Criticism
Reader-Response Criticism
Feminist Criticism
