THIS IS THE WORD TO LEARN.
PentateuchCreationGenesis 3 to 11Covenants in the Old TestamentDocumentary HypothesisAbraham and SarahInterpretations of Abraham and IsaacDeceptions (Jacob Cycle)Joseph CycleExodusMosaic Covenant and LawPentateuchCreationGenesis 3 to 11Covenants in the Old TestamentDocumentary HypothesisAbraham and SarahInterpretations of Abraham and IsaacDeceptions (Jacob Cycle)Joseph CycleExodusMosaic Covenant and Law
This is the text for a DEFINITION.
Penta=five teuch=scrolls
The problem with referring with referring to the first five books as one unit is there is scholarly disagreement that it is one unit. Some want to cut Deuteronomy some want to add Joshua.
4-Tetrateuch-cuts off Deuteronomy
Argument is that Deuteronomy is closer in style to the books that follow it then the books that precede it
6-Hexateuch-adds Joshua
Argument is that adding Joshua adds an ending to the story
Arguments for keeping Pentateuch
It captures Moses’ life, focuses on it.
It is traditional
Part of Tanakh, which has traditional divided as
A story of origins, rather than conditions
Another word used for the Pentateuch is Torah
Commonly translated as law
Problems with that translation
Has other types of literature
Narrative
Genealogies
Allows you to link to your past
Who your ancestors were was a significant part of the culture
Poetry
Law implies what you can’t do, not accurate as the Jews viewed the laws as a sense of delight
Happiness consists of obeying the law
Psalm 199.1
Page 828
Law provides some dependent relationship with God
Right after Egypt needed structure because lost the structure inherent in living in Egypt
Children are a part of a loving familyCreation stories or cosmogony
Cosmogony-birth of cosmos
cosmos + genia
Genesis=beginnings
Creation story of the cosmos/universe (involving more than human creation)
2 in Genesis; Scholars compare OT to religious creation stories
Babylonian
Enuma Elish
Tiama (dragon) + Mavduk (warrior god)
Egypt
Re + dragon
Syria
Divine warrior conquering sea monster
Bible
Psalm 74.13-15
God fights dragons and Leviathan
Page 792
Part One of Genesis
Genesis 1-2
Creation
Genesis 1-2:4a
See chart at end
Use of when suggests something came before heavens/earth, something pre-existent
Heavens comes before earth
More focused on heavens
Difference between Ordering/Separating activity and creation out of nothing
Originally Ordering/Separating activity
Now scholars believe the grammar says that it is creation out of nothing
Things fall into place based on God’s command
What answers
Answers more what is created
Focuses on creation; origins of the universe
Genesis 2:4b-24
See chart at end
Earth and heavens
Earth comes first
More focused on earth
God more hands on
What answers
Answers more how and why
Focuses on human beings; origins of human beings
Genesis 3-11
Part Two
Genesis 12-50
Starts with the introduction of Abraham
Abraham father of Jews
Jewish culture shaped by Abraham
The monsters represent chaos
Oceans dangerous
Ships couldn’t withstand storms
No navigation
No way to warn of stormsAdam and Eve’s sons
Cain
Abel
Seth
Cain
Farmer
Murders Abel out of jelousy
Beginning of civilization
Noah’s sons
Shem
Abram’s ancestor
Ham
JapethCovenant with Noah and all creation
Conditional (Gen. 9:3-7)
Unconditional (Gen. 9:11)
Covenant with Abraham and his descendents
Promised descendents
Will be blessed by god
Will outnumber the stars
Promised land
Will have the land of Canaan
Covenant with David and his descendents
Promised sovereignty
Some think that Israel will always have a king
Others think that the promise is only when the Israelites behaveJ-Yahweh (e.g., Genesis 2, German for Yahweh)
950 BCE
Historical context: southern kingdom, during Solomon’s rule
During height of Israel’s power
Distinctive Vocab: Yahweh (LORD), Sinai, Israel instead of Jacob
View of God: Anthromorphic, unconditional covenant
Extent: Parts of Genesis, Ex., Numbers
“the LORD God” “planted” “formed”: these indicate a distinctive name for God as well as a very-human like God who is very hands-on with creation (immanent)
Gen. 2:4b “In the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens, when no plant of the field was yet in the earth and no herb of the field had yet sprung up…”; much longer sentence structure than in Gen. 1-2:4!
Most likely around 950 BCE. This is during the reign of Solomon, the height of Israel’s political power. Most people were employed as farmers. Their concern would be that God could provide bountiful harvests rather than protect them from invading armies.
E -Elohist(e.g. Gen. 20:1-18)
850 BCE
Historical context: northern kingdom
Distinctive vocab: Elohim (God), Yahweh after Ex. 3:15, Horeb instead of Sinai
View of God: transcendent, communicates through prophets, dreams or angles; conditional covenant
Literary Style: narratives with moral overtones
Extent: Parts of Genesis, Ex., Numbers
D-Deuteronomist (e.g. Deut. 30:15-20)
622 BCE (King Josiah’s reform)
Historical context: written in the north, revised by refugees after kingdom fell in 722 BCE
Distinctive vocab: LORD your God, Horeb
View of God: Conditional covenant
Literary Style: sermonic speeches, some law
Extent: Most of Deuteronomy
P-Priestly (e.g. Leviticus)
550-450 BCE (e.g. Gen. 1
Historical context: Babylonian exile, or shortly after exile
Babylonians took over 587 BCE
Distinctive vocab: God/God Almighty and Yahweh (after ex. 6:3), Sinai
View of God: transcendent, approachable through priestly system of sacrifices
Literary Style: Detailed narrative, genealogy, and some law
Extent: Parts of Genesis and Exodus, most of Numbers, and all of Leviticus
Development of the Documentary Hypothesis
Mosaic authorship claimed-by Ezra
Mosaic authorship questioned-Clement, Christian bishop in the second cent.
Early rabbinic sources-latter parts of Deut. Not from Moses
De Wette- Deuteronomic reforms found in 2 Kings. 18:4 match Deut. 12:5-7
Found D source
Wellhausen, Documentary Hypothesis, 1883
Challenges to the Documentary Hypothesis
J-one individual or group of editors?
E -independent source? Hard to distinguish between J & E after Ex. 3
Lot of E material taken out
Most questioned whether independent
D –any relationship to the other 4 scrolls?
If it has no other relationship, then including in Pentateuch problematic
P-authors or editors? Genealogies
Might have been an editor, may not have added anything
Genealogies probably passed on orally
Form criticism-not just written sources, oral sources shaped the Pentateuch
Much of it was passed down3 promises
Promised land (Israel)
They would bear a child; would have a multitude of descendents
Blessing
Promise of
Protection
Well being
Presence
Gen. 12:1-4
Emphasis on blessing
“In you all the families of the earth shall be blessed
Used In NT by Paul
Delay
Abram is 75 in this verse
Is 100 when Isaac is born
25 year delays
Sometimes thought of as a curse
Because thought held to a higher standard
Abram (Father) > Abraham (Father of multitudes)
Inability to conceive
Threat to infant son
Test of faith Abraham > IsaacJewish interpretation: Binding of Isaac
Israel’s history
Suffer in faithfulness to God
Child sacrifice
Some biblical evidence might have been performed
Ex. 22:29-30
Prophets against it
Jer. 19:4-6
Christian
Abraham
Faithfulness
Sacrifice itself
Substitution
Ram instead of Isaac
Jesus also a substitute
For our sins
Lamb of God
Parallel between this story and story of Jesus
Muslim
Surrender
Isaac/Ishmael’s willingness to be sacrificed
Later Muslim interpreters claim it is Ishmael
Muslims believes Ishmael is related to MuhammadJacob
Supplanted Esau
Esau
Birthright, born before Jacob
Should have gotten it, but Jacob took it by extortion
Jacob got blessed instead of Esau because of it
Jacob fools Isaac by a wool coat
Laban
Gives Jacob Leah instead of Rachel
Jacob should have gotten Rachel
Deceiver gets deceived
Genesis 29
Rachel
Genesis 31
Deceived Laban and husband
Rachel does not only believe in God
Takes family gods with her
Bible considered giving good family values
Yet several stories show a lack of family valuesTheme: God reveals himself indirectly
Through dreams – 6 dreams in Joseph’s life story
Brother’s sheaves suddenly bows down to Joseph
Says Joseph will rule over brothers
Sun, moon, 11 stars bowing to Joseph
Says Joseph will rule over family, since second time, guaranteed by God
Cupbearer’s-Plant grows buds, flowers, grapes, which Cupbearer puts in Pharaoh’s cup and gives to him
Says Cupbearer will be released and gain back his job
Baker-Three baskets over head, one has bread for Pharaoh, but birds eating out of it
Says Baker will be killed in three days
Pharaoh 1- The Pharaoh standing by the Nile, out of which come seven sleek and fat cows followed by ugly thin cows
Means 7 years of good harvests, 7 years of bad
Pharaoh 2- seven ears of grain, plump and full sprout on one stock. Then seven thin and blighted ears sprout after them and eat them
Means 7 years of good harvests, 7 years of bad, repeated and therefore guaranteed
Through blessings
Joseph in Potiphar’s house
Joseph given work
Joseph in jail
Joseph given chance to interpret dreams and gain a reputation for doing so
Joseph as Pharaoh’s advisor
Joseph gains control over Egypt
Through trials
God has a plan that involves bad things for Joseph
Joseph left for dead by his brothers
Take clothes, claim is dead to family
Sold into slavery
Given to Potiphar
Betrayed by Potiphar’s wife
Claims he tried to sleep with her
Joseph’s family goes through a famineExodus-Green name
Liberation from Egyptian bondage
Covenant relationship with Yahweh
“These are the names…” --- Hebrew title
First words of the text
Continuation of the Genesis story
Ties in with the ancestors of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob
Sense that following Abraham’s descendants on trip through time
Covenantal relationship
Moses’ Biography
First 40 years
Siblings: Miriam & Aaron
Birth & adoption
Mother wants to avoid him being killed
Makes a raft and sends him down
Pharaoh’s daughter sees him and draws him out
Moses means “drawn out”
Drawn out of river
Drawn out of culture
Grows up Egyptian
Murders and Egyptian who treated Hebrew slaves harshly
Identification with Hebrew Slaves
Second 40 years
Escapes to Median
Marries Zipporah and starts a family
Vision of God in the fire that surrounds a bush
Last 40 years
Return to Egypt
With Aaron confronts Pharaoh
10 plagues
Escape from Egypt
Wandering in the wilderness
Exodus the Event
What can we ascertain about the historicity of the exodus event
Literary analysis-similarities to myth and legend (e.g., Washington & Lincoln)
Diverse biblical sources – both within the Torah and outside of it treat the event as historical
Based on extra-biblical sources: late 13th century
During the reign of Rameses II: Semitic people were enlisted for physical labor
Conflicts with these labor forces are recordedThe Ten Commandments or Decalogue
Location in the Torah
Ex. 20: 1-17
Deut. 5:1-21
Date of composition
After the settlement of Israel in the Promised land (See Ex. 20:10)
The Commandments
Table 1
No other gods before the Lord
No idols, no bowing down before idols
Do not use Lord’s name in vain
Keep the Sabbath
Honor father and mother
Table 2
No murder
No adultery
No stealing
No false witness
No coveting
The Book of the Covenant
Exodus 20:22-23:19
Most likely written by the Elohist writer
Clarifies the content of the Ten Commandments in term of how it applies to specific situations
21:12-14
Expands on 6th
Killer who planned it
Punishment: Death
Act of murder that came about by God
God appoints a city that the killer can flee too
Willfully killing by treachery
Killed executed
21:15 and 17
Expands on 5th
Strikes father or mother
Put to death
Curses father or mother
Put to death
21:18-27
Strikes another in a quarrel, victim recovers
Striker has to pay for loss of time and arrange for full recovery
Slave owner strikes slave, slave dies within a day or two
Slave owner strikes slave, slave survives a day or two
Fighting people injure a pregnant women, cause miscarriage
Example: lex talionis (law of retaliation) – eye of for an eye and a tooth for a tooth (Ex. 21:24-25)
The Deuteronomic Code
Time of composition: end of the seventh cent. BCE during the reign of the Judean king Josiah (2 Kings. 22-23)
Intention: resistance against foreign rule (Assyrian)
Deut. 5: Reiteration of the Ten Commandments
Deut. 6:4-5 The Shema “Hear, O Israel: the LORD is our God, the LORD alone. You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might.”
Focus on the exclusive commitment to Yahweh
Centralization of worship (presumed to be Jerusalem
Yahweh is viewed as a transcendent God
Deut. 6:4-5 The Shema
Covenant obedience is the key to Israel’s success
Jews believe real link between religious observance and whether or not they will be protected
The Priestly and Holiness Codes
Final form: during or shortly after Babylonian exile
Their revisions of the Exodus material are found in Leviticus and Numbers
Priestly code (Lev. 1-27)
Focus on the Ark of the Covenant (which contains the 10 Commandments)
Tabernacle-ten in which the Ark is placed; center of worship until the Jerusalem Temple is builtPenta=five teuch=scrolls The problem with referring with referring to the first five books as one unit is there is scholarly disagreement that it is one unit. Some want to cut Deuteronomy some want to add Joshua. 4-Tetrateuch-cuts off Deuteronomy Argument is that Deuteronomy is closer in style to the books that follow it then the books that precede it 6-Hexateuch-adds Joshua Argument is that adding Joshua adds an ending to the story Arguments for keeping Pentateuch It captures Moses’ life, focuses on it. It is traditional Part of Tanakh, which has traditional divided as A story of origins, rather than conditions Another word used for the Pentateuch is Torah Commonly translated as law Problems with that translation Has other types of literature Narrative Genealogies Allows you to link to your past Who your ancestors were was a significant part of the culture Poetry Law implies what you can’t do, not accurate as the Jews viewed the laws as a sense of delight Happiness consists of obeying the law Psalm 199.1 Page 828 Law provides some dependent relationship with God Right after Egypt needed structure because lost the structure inherent in living in Egypt Children are a part of a loving familyCreation stories or cosmogony Cosmogony-birth of cosmos cosmos + genia Genesis=beginnings Creation story of the cosmos/universe (involving more than human creation) 2 in Genesis; Scholars compare OT to religious creation stories Babylonian Enuma Elish Tiama (dragon) + Mavduk (warrior god) Egypt Re + dragon Syria Divine warrior conquering sea monster Bible Psalm 74.13-15 God fights dragons and Leviathan Page 792 Part One of Genesis Genesis 1-2 Creation Genesis 1-2:4a See chart at end Use of when suggests something came before heavens/earth, something pre-existent Heavens comes before earth More focused on heavens Difference between Ordering/Separating activity and creation out of nothing Originally Ordering/Separating activity Now scholars believe the grammar says that it is creation out of nothing Things fall into place based on God’s command What answers Answers more what is created Focuses on creation; origins of the universe Genesis 2:4b-24 See chart at end Earth and heavens Earth comes first More focused on earth God more hands on What answers Answers more how and why Focuses on human beings; origins of human beings Genesis 3-11 Part Two Genesis 12-50 Starts with the introduction of Abraham Abraham father of Jews Jewish culture shaped by Abraham The monsters represent chaos Oceans dangerous Ships couldn’t withstand storms No navigation No way to warn of stormsAdam and Eve’s sons Cain Abel Seth Cain Farmer Murders Abel out of jelousy Beginning of civilization Noah’s sons Shem Abram’s ancestor Ham JapethCovenant with Noah and all creation Conditional (Gen. 9:3-7) Unconditional (Gen. 9:11) Covenant with Abraham and his descendents Promised descendents Will be blessed by god Will outnumber the stars Promised land Will have the land of Canaan Covenant with David and his descendents Promised sovereignty Some think that Israel will always have a king Others think that the promise is only when the Israelites behaveJ-Yahweh (e.g., Genesis 2, German for Yahweh) 950 BCE Historical context: southern kingdom, during Solomon’s rule During height of Israel’s power Distinctive Vocab: Yahweh (LORD), Sinai, Israel instead of Jacob View of God: Anthromorphic, unconditional covenant Extent: Parts of Genesis, Ex., Numbers “the LORD God” “planted” “formed”: these indicate a distinctive name for God as well as a very-human like God who is very hands-on with creation (immanent) Gen. 2:4b “In the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens, when no plant of the field was yet in the earth and no herb of the field had yet sprung up…”; much longer sentence structure than in Gen. 1-2:4! Most likely around 950 BCE. This is during the reign of Solomon, the height of Israel’s political power. Most people were employed as farmers. Their concern would be that God could provide bountiful harvests rather than protect them from invading armies. E -Elohist(e.g. Gen. 20:1-18) 850 BCE Historical context: northern kingdom Distinctive vocab: Elohim (God), Yahweh after Ex. 3:15, Horeb instead of Sinai View of God: transcendent, communicates through prophets, dreams or angles; conditional covenant Literary Style: narratives with moral overtones Extent: Parts of Genesis, Ex., Numbers D-Deuteronomist (e.g. Deut. 30:15-20) 622 BCE (King Josiah’s reform) Historical context: written in the north, revised by refugees after kingdom fell in 722 BCE Distinctive vocab: LORD your God, Horeb View of God: Conditional covenant Literary Style: sermonic speeches, some law Extent: Most of Deuteronomy P-Priestly (e.g. Leviticus) 550-450 BCE (e.g. Gen. 1 Historical context: Babylonian exile, or shortly after exile Babylonians took over 587 BCE Distinctive vocab: God/God Almighty and Yahweh (after ex. 6:3), Sinai View of God: transcendent, approachable through priestly system of sacrifices Literary Style: Detailed narrative, genealogy, and some law Extent: Parts of Genesis and Exodus, most of Numbers, and all of Leviticus Development of the Documentary Hypothesis Mosaic authorship claimed-by Ezra Mosaic authorship questioned-Clement, Christian bishop in the second cent. Early rabbinic sources-latter parts of Deut. Not from Moses De Wette- Deuteronomic reforms found in 2 Kings. 18:4 match Deut. 12:5-7 Found D source Wellhausen, Documentary Hypothesis, 1883 Challenges to the Documentary Hypothesis J-one individual or group of editors? E -independent source? Hard to distinguish between J & E after Ex. 3 Lot of E material taken out Most questioned whether independent D –any relationship to the other 4 scrolls? If it has no other relationship, then including in Pentateuch problematic P-authors or editors? Genealogies Might have been an editor, may not have added anything Genealogies probably passed on orally Form criticism-not just written sources, oral sources shaped the Pentateuch Much of it was passed down3 promises Promised land (Israel) They would bear a child; would have a multitude of descendents Blessing Promise of Protection Well being Presence Gen. 12:1-4 Emphasis on blessing “In you all the families of the earth shall be blessed Used In NT by Paul Delay Abram is 75 in this verse Is 100 when Isaac is born 25 year delays Sometimes thought of as a curse Because thought held to a higher standard Abram (Father) > Abraham (Father of multitudes) Inability to conceive Threat to infant son Test of faith Abraham > IsaacJewish interpretation: Binding of Isaac Israel’s history Suffer in faithfulness to God Child sacrifice Some biblical evidence might have been performed Ex. 22:29-30 Prophets against it Jer. 19:4-6 Christian Abraham Faithfulness Sacrifice itself Substitution Ram instead of Isaac Jesus also a substitute For our sins Lamb of God Parallel between this story and story of Jesus Muslim Surrender Isaac/Ishmael’s willingness to be sacrificed Later Muslim interpreters claim it is Ishmael Muslims believes Ishmael is related to MuhammadJacob Supplanted Esau Esau Birthright, born before Jacob Should have gotten it, but Jacob took it by extortion Jacob got blessed instead of Esau because of it Jacob fools Isaac by a wool coat Laban Gives Jacob Leah instead of Rachel Jacob should have gotten Rachel Deceiver gets deceived Genesis 29 Rachel Genesis 31 Deceived Laban and husband Rachel does not only believe in God Takes family gods with her Bible considered giving good family values Yet several stories show a lack of family valuesTheme: God reveals himself indirectly Through dreams – 6 dreams in Joseph’s life story Brother’s sheaves suddenly bows down to Joseph Says Joseph will rule over brothers Sun, moon, 11 stars bowing to Joseph Says Joseph will rule over family, since second time, guaranteed by God Cupbearer’s-Plant grows buds, flowers, grapes, which Cupbearer puts in Pharaoh’s cup and gives to him Says Cupbearer will be released and gain back his job Baker-Three baskets over head, one has bread for Pharaoh, but birds eating out of it Says Baker will be killed in three days Pharaoh 1- The Pharaoh standing by the Nile, out of which come seven sleek and fat cows followed by ugly thin cows Means 7 years of good harvests, 7 years of bad Pharaoh 2- seven ears of grain, plump and full sprout on one stock. Then seven thin and blighted ears sprout after them and eat them Means 7 years of good harvests, 7 years of bad, repeated and therefore guaranteed Through blessings Joseph in Potiphar’s house Joseph given work Joseph in jail Joseph given chance to interpret dreams and gain a reputation for doing so Joseph as Pharaoh’s advisor Joseph gains control over Egypt Through trials God has a plan that involves bad things for Joseph Joseph left for dead by his brothers Take clothes, claim is dead to family Sold into slavery Given to Potiphar Betrayed by Potiphar’s wife Claims he tried to sleep with her Joseph’s family goes through a famineExodus-Green name Liberation from Egyptian bondage Covenant relationship with Yahweh “These are the names…” --- Hebrew title First words of the text Continuation of the Genesis story Ties in with the ancestors of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob Sense that following Abraham’s descendants on trip through time Covenantal relationship Moses’ Biography First 40 years Siblings: Miriam & Aaron Birth & adoption Mother wants to avoid him being killed Makes a raft and sends him down Pharaoh’s daughter sees him and draws him out Moses means “drawn out” Drawn out of river Drawn out of culture Grows up Egyptian Murders and Egyptian who treated Hebrew slaves harshly Identification with Hebrew Slaves Second 40 years Escapes to Median Marries Zipporah and starts a family Vision of God in the fire that surrounds a bush Last 40 years Return to Egypt With Aaron confronts Pharaoh 10 plagues Escape from Egypt Wandering in the wilderness Exodus the Event What can we ascertain about the historicity of the exodus event Literary analysis-similarities to myth and legend (e.g., Washington & Lincoln) Diverse biblical sources – both within the Torah and outside of it treat the event as historical Based on extra-biblical sources: late 13th century During the reign of Rameses II: Semitic people were enlisted for physical labor Conflicts with these labor forces are recordedThe Ten Commandments or Decalogue Location in the Torah Ex. 20: 1-17 Deut. 5:1-21 Date of composition After the settlement of Israel in the Promised land (See Ex. 20:10) The Commandments Table 1 No other gods before the Lord No idols, no bowing down before idols Do not use Lord’s name in vain Keep the Sabbath Honor father and mother Table 2 No murder No adultery No stealing No false witness No coveting The Book of the Covenant Exodus 20:22-23:19 Most likely written by the Elohist writer Clarifies the content of the Ten Commandments in term of how it applies to specific situations 21:12-14 Expands on 6th Killer who planned it Punishment: Death Act of murder that came about by God God appoints a city that the killer can flee too Willfully killing by treachery Killed executed 21:15 and 17 Expands on 5th Strikes father or mother Put to death Curses father or mother Put to death 21:18-27 Strikes another in a quarrel, victim recovers Striker has to pay for loss of time and arrange for full recovery Slave owner strikes slave, slave dies within a day or two Slave owner strikes slave, slave survives a day or two Fighting people injure a pregnant women, cause miscarriage Example: lex talionis (law of retaliation) – eye of for an eye and a tooth for a tooth (Ex. 21:24-25) The Deuteronomic Code Time of composition: end of the seventh cent. BCE during the reign of the Judean king Josiah (2 Kings. 22-23) Intention: resistance against foreign rule (Assyrian) Deut. 5: Reiteration of the Ten Commandments Deut. 6:4-5 The Shema “Hear, O Israel: the LORD is our God, the LORD alone. You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might.” Focus on the exclusive commitment to Yahweh Centralization of worship (presumed to be Jerusalem Yahweh is viewed as a transcendent God Deut. 6:4-5 The Shema Covenant obedience is the key to Israel’s success Jews believe real link between religious observance and whether or not they will be protected The Priestly and Holiness Codes Final form: during or shortly after Babylonian exile Their revisions of the Exodus material are found in Leviticus and Numbers Priestly code (Lev. 1-27) Focus on the Ark of the Covenant (which contains the 10 Commandments) Tabernacle-ten in which the Ark is placed; center of worship until the Jerusalem Temple is built
The problem with referring with referring to the first five books as one unit is there is scholarly disagreement that it is one unit. Some want to cut Deuteronomy some want to add Joshua.
4-Tetrateuch-cuts off Deuteronomy
Argument is that Deuteronomy is closer in style to the books that follow it then the books that precede it
6-Hexateuch-adds Joshua
Argument is that adding Joshua adds an ending to the story
Arguments for keeping Pentateuch
It captures Moses’ life, focuses on it.
It is traditional
Part of Tanakh, which has traditional divided as
A story of origins, rather than conditions
Another word used for the Pentateuch is Torah
Commonly translated as law
Problems with that translation
Has other types of literature
Narrative
Genealogies
Allows you to link to your past
Who your ancestors were was a significant part of the culture
Poetry
Law implies what you can’t do, not accurate as the Jews viewed the laws as a sense of delight
Happiness consists of obeying the law
Psalm 199.1
Page 828
Law provides some dependent relationship with God
Right after Egypt needed structure because lost the structure inherent in living in Egypt
Children are a part of a loving familyCreation stories or cosmogony
Cosmogony-birth of cosmos
cosmos + genia
Genesis=beginnings
Creation story of the cosmos/universe (involving more than human creation)
2 in Genesis; Scholars compare OT to religious creation stories
Babylonian
Enuma Elish
Tiama (dragon) + Mavduk (warrior god)
Egypt
Re + dragon
Syria
Divine warrior conquering sea monster
Bible
Psalm 74.13-15
God fights dragons and Leviathan
Page 792
Part One of Genesis
Genesis 1-2
Creation
Genesis 1-2:4a
See chart at end
Use of when suggests something came before heavens/earth, something pre-existent
Heavens comes before earth
More focused on heavens
Difference between Ordering/Separating activity and creation out of nothing
Originally Ordering/Separating activity
Now scholars believe the grammar says that it is creation out of nothing
Things fall into place based on God’s command
What answers
Answers more what is created
Focuses on creation; origins of the universe
Genesis 2:4b-24
See chart at end
Earth and heavens
Earth comes first
More focused on earth
God more hands on
What answers
Answers more how and why
Focuses on human beings; origins of human beings
Genesis 3-11
Part Two
Genesis 12-50
Starts with the introduction of Abraham
Abraham father of Jews
Jewish culture shaped by Abraham
The monsters represent chaos
Oceans dangerous
Ships couldn’t withstand storms
No navigation
No way to warn of stormsAdam and Eve’s sons
Cain
Abel
Seth
Cain
Farmer
Murders Abel out of jelousy
Beginning of civilization
Noah’s sons
Shem
Abram’s ancestor
Ham
JapethCovenant with Noah and all creation
Conditional (Gen. 9:3-7)
Unconditional (Gen. 9:11)
Covenant with Abraham and his descendents
Promised descendents
Will be blessed by god
Will outnumber the stars
Promised land
Will have the land of Canaan
Covenant with David and his descendents
Promised sovereignty
Some think that Israel will always have a king
Others think that the promise is only when the Israelites behaveJ-Yahweh (e.g., Genesis 2, German for Yahweh)
950 BCE
Historical context: southern kingdom, during Solomon’s rule
During height of Israel’s power
Distinctive Vocab: Yahweh (LORD), Sinai, Israel instead of Jacob
View of God: Anthromorphic, unconditional covenant
Extent: Parts of Genesis, Ex., Numbers
“the LORD God” “planted” “formed”: these indicate a distinctive name for God as well as a very-human like God who is very hands-on with creation (immanent)
Gen. 2:4b “In the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens, when no plant of the field was yet in the earth and no herb of the field had yet sprung up…”; much longer sentence structure than in Gen. 1-2:4!
Most likely around 950 BCE. This is during the reign of Solomon, the height of Israel’s political power. Most people were employed as farmers. Their concern would be that God could provide bountiful harvests rather than protect them from invading armies.
E -Elohist(e.g. Gen. 20:1-18)
850 BCE
Historical context: northern kingdom
Distinctive vocab: Elohim (God), Yahweh after Ex. 3:15, Horeb instead of Sinai
View of God: transcendent, communicates through prophets, dreams or angles; conditional covenant
Literary Style: narratives with moral overtones
Extent: Parts of Genesis, Ex., Numbers
D-Deuteronomist (e.g. Deut. 30:15-20)
622 BCE (King Josiah’s reform)
Historical context: written in the north, revised by refugees after kingdom fell in 722 BCE
Distinctive vocab: LORD your God, Horeb
View of God: Conditional covenant
Literary Style: sermonic speeches, some law
Extent: Most of Deuteronomy
P-Priestly (e.g. Leviticus)
550-450 BCE (e.g. Gen. 1
Historical context: Babylonian exile, or shortly after exile
Babylonians took over 587 BCE
Distinctive vocab: God/God Almighty and Yahweh (after ex. 6:3), Sinai
View of God: transcendent, approachable through priestly system of sacrifices
Literary Style: Detailed narrative, genealogy, and some law
Extent: Parts of Genesis and Exodus, most of Numbers, and all of Leviticus
Development of the Documentary Hypothesis
Mosaic authorship claimed-by Ezra
Mosaic authorship questioned-Clement, Christian bishop in the second cent.
Early rabbinic sources-latter parts of Deut. Not from Moses
De Wette- Deuteronomic reforms found in 2 Kings. 18:4 match Deut. 12:5-7
Found D source
Wellhausen, Documentary Hypothesis, 1883
Challenges to the Documentary Hypothesis
J-one individual or group of editors?
E -independent source? Hard to distinguish between J & E after Ex. 3
Lot of E material taken out
Most questioned whether independent
D –any relationship to the other 4 scrolls?
If it has no other relationship, then including in Pentateuch problematic
P-authors or editors? Genealogies
Might have been an editor, may not have added anything
Genealogies probably passed on orally
Form criticism-not just written sources, oral sources shaped the Pentateuch
Much of it was passed down3 promises
Promised land (Israel)
They would bear a child; would have a multitude of descendents
Blessing
Promise of
Protection
Well being
Presence
Gen. 12:1-4
Emphasis on blessing
“In you all the families of the earth shall be blessed
Used In NT by Paul
Delay
Abram is 75 in this verse
Is 100 when Isaac is born
25 year delays
Sometimes thought of as a curse
Because thought held to a higher standard
Abram (Father) > Abraham (Father of multitudes)
Inability to conceive
Threat to infant son
Test of faith Abraham > IsaacJewish interpretation: Binding of Isaac
Israel’s history
Suffer in faithfulness to God
Child sacrifice
Some biblical evidence might have been performed
Ex. 22:29-30
Prophets against it
Jer. 19:4-6
Christian
Abraham
Faithfulness
Sacrifice itself
Substitution
Ram instead of Isaac
Jesus also a substitute
For our sins
Lamb of God
Parallel between this story and story of Jesus
Muslim
Surrender
Isaac/Ishmael’s willingness to be sacrificed
Later Muslim interpreters claim it is Ishmael
Muslims believes Ishmael is related to MuhammadJacob
Supplanted Esau
Esau
Birthright, born before Jacob
Should have gotten it, but Jacob took it by extortion
Jacob got blessed instead of Esau because of it
Jacob fools Isaac by a wool coat
Laban
Gives Jacob Leah instead of Rachel
Jacob should have gotten Rachel
Deceiver gets deceived
Genesis 29
Rachel
Genesis 31
Deceived Laban and husband
Rachel does not only believe in God
Takes family gods with her
Bible considered giving good family values
Yet several stories show a lack of family valuesTheme: God reveals himself indirectly
Through dreams – 6 dreams in Joseph’s life story
Brother’s sheaves suddenly bows down to Joseph
Says Joseph will rule over brothers
Sun, moon, 11 stars bowing to Joseph
Says Joseph will rule over family, since second time, guaranteed by God
Cupbearer’s-Plant grows buds, flowers, grapes, which Cupbearer puts in Pharaoh’s cup and gives to him
Says Cupbearer will be released and gain back his job
Baker-Three baskets over head, one has bread for Pharaoh, but birds eating out of it
Says Baker will be killed in three days
Pharaoh 1- The Pharaoh standing by the Nile, out of which come seven sleek and fat cows followed by ugly thin cows
Means 7 years of good harvests, 7 years of bad
Pharaoh 2- seven ears of grain, plump and full sprout on one stock. Then seven thin and blighted ears sprout after them and eat them
Means 7 years of good harvests, 7 years of bad, repeated and therefore guaranteed
Through blessings
Joseph in Potiphar’s house
Joseph given work
Joseph in jail
Joseph given chance to interpret dreams and gain a reputation for doing so
Joseph as Pharaoh’s advisor
Joseph gains control over Egypt
Through trials
God has a plan that involves bad things for Joseph
Joseph left for dead by his brothers
Take clothes, claim is dead to family
Sold into slavery
Given to Potiphar
Betrayed by Potiphar’s wife
Claims he tried to sleep with her
Joseph’s family goes through a famineExodus-Green name
Liberation from Egyptian bondage
Covenant relationship with Yahweh
“These are the names…” --- Hebrew title
First words of the text
Continuation of the Genesis story
Ties in with the ancestors of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob
Sense that following Abraham’s descendants on trip through time
Covenantal relationship
Moses’ Biography
First 40 years
Siblings: Miriam & Aaron
Birth & adoption
Mother wants to avoid him being killed
Makes a raft and sends him down
Pharaoh’s daughter sees him and draws him out
Moses means “drawn out”
Drawn out of river
Drawn out of culture
Grows up Egyptian
Murders and Egyptian who treated Hebrew slaves harshly
Identification with Hebrew Slaves
Second 40 years
Escapes to Median
Marries Zipporah and starts a family
Vision of God in the fire that surrounds a bush
Last 40 years
Return to Egypt
With Aaron confronts Pharaoh
10 plagues
Escape from Egypt
Wandering in the wilderness
Exodus the Event
What can we ascertain about the historicity of the exodus event
Literary analysis-similarities to myth and legend (e.g., Washington & Lincoln)
Diverse biblical sources – both within the Torah and outside of it treat the event as historical
Based on extra-biblical sources: late 13th century
During the reign of Rameses II: Semitic people were enlisted for physical labor
Conflicts with these labor forces are recordedThe Ten Commandments or Decalogue
Location in the Torah
Ex. 20: 1-17
Deut. 5:1-21
Date of composition
After the settlement of Israel in the Promised land (See Ex. 20:10)
The Commandments
Table 1
No other gods before the Lord
No idols, no bowing down before idols
Do not use Lord’s name in vain
Keep the Sabbath
Honor father and mother
Table 2
No murder
No adultery
No stealing
No false witness
No coveting
The Book of the Covenant
Exodus 20:22-23:19
Most likely written by the Elohist writer
Clarifies the content of the Ten Commandments in term of how it applies to specific situations
21:12-14
Expands on 6th
Killer who planned it
Punishment: Death
Act of murder that came about by God
God appoints a city that the killer can flee too
Willfully killing by treachery
Killed executed
21:15 and 17
Expands on 5th
Strikes father or mother
Put to death
Curses father or mother
Put to death
21:18-27
Strikes another in a quarrel, victim recovers
Striker has to pay for loss of time and arrange for full recovery
Slave owner strikes slave, slave dies within a day or two
Slave owner strikes slave, slave survives a day or two
Fighting people injure a pregnant women, cause miscarriage
Example: lex talionis (law of retaliation) – eye of for an eye and a tooth for a tooth (Ex. 21:24-25)
The Deuteronomic Code
Time of composition: end of the seventh cent. BCE during the reign of the Judean king Josiah (2 Kings. 22-23)
Intention: resistance against foreign rule (Assyrian)
Deut. 5: Reiteration of the Ten Commandments
Deut. 6:4-5 The Shema “Hear, O Israel: the LORD is our God, the LORD alone. You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might.”
Focus on the exclusive commitment to Yahweh
Centralization of worship (presumed to be Jerusalem
Yahweh is viewed as a transcendent God
Deut. 6:4-5 The Shema
Covenant obedience is the key to Israel’s success
Jews believe real link between religious observance and whether or not they will be protected
The Priestly and Holiness Codes
Final form: during or shortly after Babylonian exile
Their revisions of the Exodus material are found in Leviticus and Numbers
Priestly code (Lev. 1-27)
Focus on the Ark of the Covenant (which contains the 10 Commandments)
Tabernacle-ten in which the Ark is placed; center of worship until the Jerusalem Temple is builtPenta=five teuch=scrolls The problem with referring with referring to the first five books as one unit is there is scholarly disagreement that it is one unit. Some want to cut Deuteronomy some want to add Joshua. 4-Tetrateuch-cuts off Deuteronomy Argument is that Deuteronomy is closer in style to the books that follow it then the books that precede it 6-Hexateuch-adds Joshua Argument is that adding Joshua adds an ending to the story Arguments for keeping Pentateuch It captures Moses’ life, focuses on it. It is traditional Part of Tanakh, which has traditional divided as A story of origins, rather than conditions Another word used for the Pentateuch is Torah Commonly translated as law Problems with that translation Has other types of literature Narrative Genealogies Allows you to link to your past Who your ancestors were was a significant part of the culture Poetry Law implies what you can’t do, not accurate as the Jews viewed the laws as a sense of delight Happiness consists of obeying the law Psalm 199.1 Page 828 Law provides some dependent relationship with God Right after Egypt needed structure because lost the structure inherent in living in Egypt Children are a part of a loving familyCreation stories or cosmogony Cosmogony-birth of cosmos cosmos + genia Genesis=beginnings Creation story of the cosmos/universe (involving more than human creation) 2 in Genesis; Scholars compare OT to religious creation stories Babylonian Enuma Elish Tiama (dragon) + Mavduk (warrior god) Egypt Re + dragon Syria Divine warrior conquering sea monster Bible Psalm 74.13-15 God fights dragons and Leviathan Page 792 Part One of Genesis Genesis 1-2 Creation Genesis 1-2:4a See chart at end Use of when suggests something came before heavens/earth, something pre-existent Heavens comes before earth More focused on heavens Difference between Ordering/Separating activity and creation out of nothing Originally Ordering/Separating activity Now scholars believe the grammar says that it is creation out of nothing Things fall into place based on God’s command What answers Answers more what is created Focuses on creation; origins of the universe Genesis 2:4b-24 See chart at end Earth and heavens Earth comes first More focused on earth God more hands on What answers Answers more how and why Focuses on human beings; origins of human beings Genesis 3-11 Part Two Genesis 12-50 Starts with the introduction of Abraham Abraham father of Jews Jewish culture shaped by Abraham The monsters represent chaos Oceans dangerous Ships couldn’t withstand storms No navigation No way to warn of stormsAdam and Eve’s sons Cain Abel Seth Cain Farmer Murders Abel out of jelousy Beginning of civilization Noah’s sons Shem Abram’s ancestor Ham JapethCovenant with Noah and all creation Conditional (Gen. 9:3-7) Unconditional (Gen. 9:11) Covenant with Abraham and his descendents Promised descendents Will be blessed by god Will outnumber the stars Promised land Will have the land of Canaan Covenant with David and his descendents Promised sovereignty Some think that Israel will always have a king Others think that the promise is only when the Israelites behaveJ-Yahweh (e.g., Genesis 2, German for Yahweh) 950 BCE Historical context: southern kingdom, during Solomon’s rule During height of Israel’s power Distinctive Vocab: Yahweh (LORD), Sinai, Israel instead of Jacob View of God: Anthromorphic, unconditional covenant Extent: Parts of Genesis, Ex., Numbers “the LORD God” “planted” “formed”: these indicate a distinctive name for God as well as a very-human like God who is very hands-on with creation (immanent) Gen. 2:4b “In the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens, when no plant of the field was yet in the earth and no herb of the field had yet sprung up…”; much longer sentence structure than in Gen. 1-2:4! Most likely around 950 BCE. This is during the reign of Solomon, the height of Israel’s political power. Most people were employed as farmers. Their concern would be that God could provide bountiful harvests rather than protect them from invading armies. E -Elohist(e.g. Gen. 20:1-18) 850 BCE Historical context: northern kingdom Distinctive vocab: Elohim (God), Yahweh after Ex. 3:15, Horeb instead of Sinai View of God: transcendent, communicates through prophets, dreams or angles; conditional covenant Literary Style: narratives with moral overtones Extent: Parts of Genesis, Ex., Numbers D-Deuteronomist (e.g. Deut. 30:15-20) 622 BCE (King Josiah’s reform) Historical context: written in the north, revised by refugees after kingdom fell in 722 BCE Distinctive vocab: LORD your God, Horeb View of God: Conditional covenant Literary Style: sermonic speeches, some law Extent: Most of Deuteronomy P-Priestly (e.g. Leviticus) 550-450 BCE (e.g. Gen. 1 Historical context: Babylonian exile, or shortly after exile Babylonians took over 587 BCE Distinctive vocab: God/God Almighty and Yahweh (after ex. 6:3), Sinai View of God: transcendent, approachable through priestly system of sacrifices Literary Style: Detailed narrative, genealogy, and some law Extent: Parts of Genesis and Exodus, most of Numbers, and all of Leviticus Development of the Documentary Hypothesis Mosaic authorship claimed-by Ezra Mosaic authorship questioned-Clement, Christian bishop in the second cent. Early rabbinic sources-latter parts of Deut. Not from Moses De Wette- Deuteronomic reforms found in 2 Kings. 18:4 match Deut. 12:5-7 Found D source Wellhausen, Documentary Hypothesis, 1883 Challenges to the Documentary Hypothesis J-one individual or group of editors? E -independent source? Hard to distinguish between J & E after Ex. 3 Lot of E material taken out Most questioned whether independent D –any relationship to the other 4 scrolls? If it has no other relationship, then including in Pentateuch problematic P-authors or editors? Genealogies Might have been an editor, may not have added anything Genealogies probably passed on orally Form criticism-not just written sources, oral sources shaped the Pentateuch Much of it was passed down3 promises Promised land (Israel) They would bear a child; would have a multitude of descendents Blessing Promise of Protection Well being Presence Gen. 12:1-4 Emphasis on blessing “In you all the families of the earth shall be blessed Used In NT by Paul Delay Abram is 75 in this verse Is 100 when Isaac is born 25 year delays Sometimes thought of as a curse Because thought held to a higher standard Abram (Father) > Abraham (Father of multitudes) Inability to conceive Threat to infant son Test of faith Abraham > IsaacJewish interpretation: Binding of Isaac Israel’s history Suffer in faithfulness to God Child sacrifice Some biblical evidence might have been performed Ex. 22:29-30 Prophets against it Jer. 19:4-6 Christian Abraham Faithfulness Sacrifice itself Substitution Ram instead of Isaac Jesus also a substitute For our sins Lamb of God Parallel between this story and story of Jesus Muslim Surrender Isaac/Ishmael’s willingness to be sacrificed Later Muslim interpreters claim it is Ishmael Muslims believes Ishmael is related to MuhammadJacob Supplanted Esau Esau Birthright, born before Jacob Should have gotten it, but Jacob took it by extortion Jacob got blessed instead of Esau because of it Jacob fools Isaac by a wool coat Laban Gives Jacob Leah instead of Rachel Jacob should have gotten Rachel Deceiver gets deceived Genesis 29 Rachel Genesis 31 Deceived Laban and husband Rachel does not only believe in God Takes family gods with her Bible considered giving good family values Yet several stories show a lack of family valuesTheme: God reveals himself indirectly Through dreams – 6 dreams in Joseph’s life story Brother’s sheaves suddenly bows down to Joseph Says Joseph will rule over brothers Sun, moon, 11 stars bowing to Joseph Says Joseph will rule over family, since second time, guaranteed by God Cupbearer’s-Plant grows buds, flowers, grapes, which Cupbearer puts in Pharaoh’s cup and gives to him Says Cupbearer will be released and gain back his job Baker-Three baskets over head, one has bread for Pharaoh, but birds eating out of it Says Baker will be killed in three days Pharaoh 1- The Pharaoh standing by the Nile, out of which come seven sleek and fat cows followed by ugly thin cows Means 7 years of good harvests, 7 years of bad Pharaoh 2- seven ears of grain, plump and full sprout on one stock. Then seven thin and blighted ears sprout after them and eat them Means 7 years of good harvests, 7 years of bad, repeated and therefore guaranteed Through blessings Joseph in Potiphar’s house Joseph given work Joseph in jail Joseph given chance to interpret dreams and gain a reputation for doing so Joseph as Pharaoh’s advisor Joseph gains control over Egypt Through trials God has a plan that involves bad things for Joseph Joseph left for dead by his brothers Take clothes, claim is dead to family Sold into slavery Given to Potiphar Betrayed by Potiphar’s wife Claims he tried to sleep with her Joseph’s family goes through a famineExodus-Green name Liberation from Egyptian bondage Covenant relationship with Yahweh “These are the names…” --- Hebrew title First words of the text Continuation of the Genesis story Ties in with the ancestors of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob Sense that following Abraham’s descendants on trip through time Covenantal relationship Moses’ Biography First 40 years Siblings: Miriam & Aaron Birth & adoption Mother wants to avoid him being killed Makes a raft and sends him down Pharaoh’s daughter sees him and draws him out Moses means “drawn out” Drawn out of river Drawn out of culture Grows up Egyptian Murders and Egyptian who treated Hebrew slaves harshly Identification with Hebrew Slaves Second 40 years Escapes to Median Marries Zipporah and starts a family Vision of God in the fire that surrounds a bush Last 40 years Return to Egypt With Aaron confronts Pharaoh 10 plagues Escape from Egypt Wandering in the wilderness Exodus the Event What can we ascertain about the historicity of the exodus event Literary analysis-similarities to myth and legend (e.g., Washington & Lincoln) Diverse biblical sources – both within the Torah and outside of it treat the event as historical Based on extra-biblical sources: late 13th century During the reign of Rameses II: Semitic people were enlisted for physical labor Conflicts with these labor forces are recordedThe Ten Commandments or Decalogue Location in the Torah Ex. 20: 1-17 Deut. 5:1-21 Date of composition After the settlement of Israel in the Promised land (See Ex. 20:10) The Commandments Table 1 No other gods before the Lord No idols, no bowing down before idols Do not use Lord’s name in vain Keep the Sabbath Honor father and mother Table 2 No murder No adultery No stealing No false witness No coveting The Book of the Covenant Exodus 20:22-23:19 Most likely written by the Elohist writer Clarifies the content of the Ten Commandments in term of how it applies to specific situations 21:12-14 Expands on 6th Killer who planned it Punishment: Death Act of murder that came about by God God appoints a city that the killer can flee too Willfully killing by treachery Killed executed 21:15 and 17 Expands on 5th Strikes father or mother Put to death Curses father or mother Put to death 21:18-27 Strikes another in a quarrel, victim recovers Striker has to pay for loss of time and arrange for full recovery Slave owner strikes slave, slave dies within a day or two Slave owner strikes slave, slave survives a day or two Fighting people injure a pregnant women, cause miscarriage Example: lex talionis (law of retaliation) – eye of for an eye and a tooth for a tooth (Ex. 21:24-25) The Deuteronomic Code Time of composition: end of the seventh cent. BCE during the reign of the Judean king Josiah (2 Kings. 22-23) Intention: resistance against foreign rule (Assyrian) Deut. 5: Reiteration of the Ten Commandments Deut. 6:4-5 The Shema “Hear, O Israel: the LORD is our God, the LORD alone. You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your might.” Focus on the exclusive commitment to Yahweh Centralization of worship (presumed to be Jerusalem Yahweh is viewed as a transcendent God Deut. 6:4-5 The Shema Covenant obedience is the key to Israel’s success Jews believe real link between religious observance and whether or not they will be protected The Priestly and Holiness Codes Final form: during or shortly after Babylonian exile Their revisions of the Exodus material are found in Leviticus and Numbers Priestly code (Lev. 1-27) Focus on the Ark of the Covenant (which contains the 10 Commandments) Tabernacle-ten in which the Ark is placed; center of worship until the Jerusalem Temple is built
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Pentateuch
Creation
Genesis 3 to 11
Covenants in the Old Testament
Documentary Hypothesis
Abraham and Sarah
Interpretations of Abraham and Isaac
Deceptions (Jacob Cycle)
Joseph Cycle
Exodus
Mosaic Covenant and Law
